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ANAT200-S2 > neuron and brain > Flashcards

neuron and brain Flashcards

1
Q

Cells in the NS (2)

A
  • neurons: nerve cells that conduct signals
  • neuroglia: support cells for neurons, aka glial cells
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2
Q

Neurons: how many? form?

A
  • 100 billion neurons
  • form connectios to other cells via synapses (10^15 synapses, each neuron has ~100 000 connections with other neurons)
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3
Q

Nerve Cell Bodies - 2 names?

A
  • nucleus: collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS
  • gangliaon: collection of NCBs in PNS
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4
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5
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6
Q

Parts of a Neuron: axon collateral? Nissl bodies?

A
  • AC: branches that come off axon: how
    action potentials are amplified
  • NB: rough ER with ribosomes, protein manufacturing
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7
Q

Classification of Neurons - three polarities?

A
  • unipolar: one appendage from body, predominantly sensory fibres
  • bipolar: one dendrite coming in, one axon leaving (ex found in eye, olfactory)
  • multipolar: many different appendages off cell body - usually one axon, many dendrites
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8
Q

Multipolar cell examples

A
  • pyramidal cell
  • purkinje cell
  • stellate cell
  • granule cell
  • basket cell
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9
Q

Neuroglia names - PNS vs CNS?

A
  • PNS: satellite cells, Schwann cells
  • CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
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10
Q

Satellite Cells

A
  • neuroglia found in PNS
  • surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
  • regulate O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia - homeostasis
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11
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • neuroglia in PNS
  • surrounds all axons in PNS, responsible for myelination of peripheral axons, participates in repair process after injury
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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • neuroglia in CNS (are like Schwann Cells)
  • myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework
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13
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • are like satellite cells, but for CNS
  • maintain blood-brain barrier, structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury (but prevents regrowth of axons)
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14
Q

Microglia

A
  • neuroglia in CNS
  • removes cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis
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15
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • neuroglia in CNS
  • line inside of “tube” - ventricles in brain and central canal in spinal cavity
  • assist in producing, circulatin and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
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16
Q

CNS protection - 2?

A
  • meninges: cover and protect the CNS
  • CNS floats in cerebrospinal fluid: buffers compression, but will still displace during significant trauma
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17
Q

Meninges - 3?

A
  • dura mater: tough outer layer, very dense, doesn’t tear
  • arachnoid Mater: spider web like appearance, CSF cushion just under am, shiny, like saran wrap
  • pia mater: intimate contact with brain, doesn’t really separate from brain
18
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19
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20
Q

Brain - 3 main parts?

A
  • cerebrum - like a bum
  • cerebellum - like a bell
  • brain stem
21
Q

Cerebrum functions (5)

A
  • higher cognitive functions: thought, intellect, planning, creativity
  • language/speech: formulation and comprehension
  • somatic motor function: regulates skeletal muscle activity, movement (basal ganglia)
  • somatic sensory function: interprets stimuli from environment
  • regulates emotional aspects of behaviour
22
Q

Structure of Cerebrum

A
  • 2 hemispheres, 4 lobes, 3 poles, 3 major grooves
  • many sulci and gyri
23
Q

Cerebrum structure: cerebral cortex vs medulla?

A
  • cerebral cortex: outer covering, grey matter b/c of cell bodies
  • medulla: inner, white matter, axons
24
Q

3 major grooves in cerebellum?

A
  • Longitudinal/Interhemispheric Fissure: b/w left and right hemispheres
  • central sulcus: frontal and parietal
  • lateral sulcus: above temporal
25
Q

3 Poles of cerebrum?

A
  • frontal pole, occiptial pole (posterior), temporal pole at sides
26
Q

Sulcus vs Gyrus?

A
  • sulcus/sulci = groove
  • gyrus/gyri = ridge of tissue between sulci
27
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28
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29
Q

4 Lobes of Brain?

A
  1. Frontal: higher cognitive, planning, strategy, motor
  2. Parietal: perception of self in space, sensory
  3. Temporal: memory, learning, social, emotions, hearing
  4. Occiptial: vision
30
Q

Post/Precentral Gyrus?

A
  • Precentral gyrus - in the front = motor (in frontal)
  • postcentral gyrus - in the back = sensory (in parietal)
31
Q

grey vs. white matter?

A

grey outside, cell bodies. white inside, axons b/c of myelin and fat

32
Q

Fibre Tracts in Brain (3)

A
  • projection: travel to and from cortex
  • association: intrahemispheric connections, short or long
  • commissural: interhemispheric connections - corpus callosum
33
Q

Cerebellum - purpose? 3)

A
  • acts as a comparator: inteded movement with evolving movement, corrects for errors
  • ensures movements are smooth, coordinated, purposeful
  • regulates posture and balance
34
Q

Cerebellar Ataxia?

A
  • disease of cerebellum
  • intention tremor, lack of balance and coordination
35
Q

Brainstem - 3 parts?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
36
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37
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38
Q

Brainstem: contains? (3) functions?

A
  • motor and sensory pathways connecting cerebral cortex and thalamus to spinal cord
  • houses cranial nerve nuclei (origins of CNs)
  • contains reticular activating system: important for arousal of cortex and consciousness
  • vital centres for regulating heart rate, breathing
  • centers for regulating swallowing and gag reflex
39
Q

Midbrain - two major components? cranial nerves?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • red nucleus
  • relay centers for visual and auditory pathways
  • crandial nerves III and iV attached
40
Q

substantia nigra? red nucleus?

A
  • SN: in midbrain, regulates motor activit, neuronal degeneration = Parkinson’s disease
  • red nucleus: regulates motor activity, activates flexors in upper extremities
41
Q

Pons - purpose? nerves?

A
  • bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum: lots of axonal input, so has a belly
  • cranial nerves 5 to 8
42
Q

Medulla Oblongata - contains? nerves?

A
  • vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centers
  • cranial nerves 9 to 12

ANAT200-S2 (8 decks)

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