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Exercise Physiology > Neuromusculoskeletal Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Neuromusculoskeletal Response to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A

Peripheral and Central

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2
Q

Motor Unit

A

The anterior motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers innervated by it

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3
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Interface between the end of a myelinated motor neuron and muscle fiber. Transmits impulse to initiate muscle action.

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4
Q

T tubule

A

Transmits action potential throughout muscle cell

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5
Q

Depolarization of T-tubule causes…

A

Ca2+ release from SR lateral sacs

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6
Q

Ca2+ binds to …. after its release from the SR

A

Troponin-tropomyosin in the actin filaments. Allows actin to bind with myosin

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7
Q

During muscle action, actin combines with….

A

myosin ATP-ase to split ATP with energy release. Tension from the energy release produces crossbridge movement

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8
Q

Myosin crossbridges are broken by…

A

ATP binding. Leads to sliding of thick and thin filaments, causing muscular shortening

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9
Q

Crossbridge activation continues when….

A

The concentration of Ca2+ remains high

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10
Q

When muscle stimulation ceases…

A

Ca2+ moves back into the SR’s lateral sacs through active transport

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11
Q

Ca2+ removal restores the….

A

inhibitory action of troponin-tropomyosin.

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12
Q

Four nerve fiber groups

A

A-alpha
A-Beta
A-Delta
C-nerve fibers

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13
Q

The thickness of a nerve fiber dictates…

A

The speed of neural transmission within the fiber

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14
Q

Phyiologic and mechanical properties that classify a motor unit

A

Twitch characteristics
Tension characteristics
Fatigability

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15
Q

Type IIb characteristics

A

Fast twitch
High Force
Fast Fatigue

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16
Q

Type IIa characteristics

A

Fast twitch
Moderate force
Fatigue resistant

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17
Q

Type I characteristics

A

Slow twitch
Low force
Fatigue Resistant

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18
Q

All or None principle

A

A stimulus strong enough to trigger an AP in the motor neuron activates all fibers in the motor unit

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19
Q

Temporal summation of APs

A

Superimposing one AP on another AP

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20
Q

Force of muscle action via

A

Increase motor unit recruitment

Increased frequency of motor unit discharge

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21
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

As muscle force requirements increase, motor neurons with larger axons are recruited

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22
Q

Size principle

A

The orderly recruiment of specific motor units to produce a smooth muscle action; allows the CNS to fine tune activity

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23
Q

How long does it take to see changes in strength?

A

Gains can be seen after on session, but six weeks min for true strength

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24
Q

Early strength gains related to…

A

Neural adaptations starting in the CNS. Increased neural drive begins in motor cortex

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25
Q

Resistance training affect on Motor Unit activation

A

Increase in number of motor units recruited
Increase in motor unit firing rate
Increased potential for motor unit synchronization
Reduction in co-activation of antagonist muscle

26
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Connect to extrafusal fibers near tendon’s junction to muscle
Detect difference in tension generated by active muscle

27
Q

When stimulated, golgi tendon organs…

A

transmit signals to the spinal cord to elicit reflex inhibition of the muscles they supply
Resistance training decreases GTO inhibition

28
Q

Central Fatigue

A

Alteration in brain neurotransmitter concentration which alter density of neural impulse to muscle

29
Q

Decreased nerve impulse=

A

decreased force production

30
Q

Low intensity training affect at NMJ

A

Muscle fiber diameter decreases while nerve terminal remains unchanged

31
Q

High intensity training affect at NMJ

A

Dispersion of synapses increases. Nerve stimulates more fibers

32
Q

Aerobic exercise improves

A

Cognitive function of older adults

Learning in children

Mood disorders
-anxiety and depression

33
Q

Proposed mechanism for aerobic exercise effect on the CNS

A

Improved circulation to the brain

Increased amounts of Neurotrophins

34
Q

neurotrophins

A

Brain derived neurotrophic factor
Insulin like growth factor
Fibroblast growth factor 2

35
Q

BDNF

A

Instrumental in changing the brain, especially hippocampus

Easily regulated by physical activity

36
Q

Primary differences between skeletal muscles fibers

A

Primary mechanism of ATP production
Type of motor neuron innervation
Type of myosin heavy chain expressed

37
Q

Fast-twitch fiber characteristics

A

High capability for electrochemical transmission of AP
High myoisin ATPase activity
Rapid Ca2+ release and uptake
High rate of crossbridge turnover

38
Q

Fast twitch fiber speed of shortening is…

A

Three to Five times faster than slow-twitch fibers

39
Q

Fast twitch fibers rely on…

A

a well developed, short term glycolytic system for energy transfer

40
Q

Type IIa fibers

A

Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers

41
Q

Type IIb fibers

A

Possess the greatest anaerobic potential and most rapid shortening velocity

42
Q

Slow Twitch Fiber characteristics

A

Low myosin ATPase activity
Slow calcium handling ability and shortening speed
Less well-developed glycolytic capacity than fast twitch fibers
Large and numerous mitochondria

43
Q

Prolonged aerobic training causes

A

Larger and more numerous mitochondria; capillary density increase; Increase in oxidative enzymes; Endurance improvements at low power; selective hypertrophy

44
Q

Adaptations to resistance training

A

Increase muscle strength and endurance; increase fiber size and amount of IIa fibers; Increase enzyme activity; Increase metabolic energy stores; Increase connective tissue integrity; Decreased body fat

45
Q

Why does muscle hypertrophy?

A

Repeated muscle injury; particularly with repeated eccentric actions

46
Q

Eccentric Contration disrupts

A

SR
T-system
Z disk

47
Q

Damage to a single muscle fiber leads to..

A

Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation

48
Q

mRNA mediates the stimulation of

A

Myofibrillar protein synthesis; overcompensation of protein synthesis causes hypertrophy

49
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased number of muscle fibers

50
Q

Can we add muscle fibers?

A

Inconclusive; enlargement of existing fibers represents greatest change in cross sectional area

51
Q

De training

A

Cessation of resistance exercise

52
Q

Muscle fiber response to de training

A

Reductions in muscle strength

Reduction in Type II fiber area

53
Q

Muscle fiber response to immobilization

A

Muscle atrophy can occur quickly; depends on fiber type and positioning

54
Q

Normal maintenance of a muscle fiber is the product of..

A

Protein synthesis and protein degradation

55
Q

Atrophy summary

A

Decreased fiber diameter
Decreased number of myofibrils
Decrease in intramuscular capillary density
Increase in fibrous and fatty tissue deposits in muscle

56
Q

Muscle adaptations to stretch

A

Routine stretching may add sarcomeres in series at the muscle tendon junction

57
Q

A-Alpha nerve

A

Largest diameter, fastest

58
Q

A-Beta nerve

A

Medium diameter; medium speed

59
Q

A-Delta nerve

A

Smaller diameter; slowest of myelinated fibers

60
Q

C-nerve fiber

A

Smallest diameter, slowest conduction

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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