Cardiopulmonary Response to Activity

Question 1

Tidal volume

Answer 1

Air moved during the inspiratory or expiratory phase of each breathing cycle, 0.4-1.0 L

Question 2

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 2

Inspiring as deeply as possible following a normal inspiration; 2.5-3.5 L above tidal

Question 3

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 3

Volume that can be expired after normal expiration; 1-1.5L more

Question 4

Residual Lung Volume

Answer 4

Air volume remaining in lungs after exhaling as deeply as possible; Increases with age; allows uninterrupted exchange of gases

Question 5

RLV + FVC =

Answer 5

Total Lung Capacity

Question 6

Minute Ventilation

Answer 6

Average 6 L (Breathing rate*Tidal Volume)

Can be increased by increasing rate or depth of breathing

Question 7

Breathing rate can increase to ____ bpm during strenuous exercise

Answer 7

35-45; 60-70 elite endurance athletes

Question 8

Tidal volumes for trained and untrained individuals rarely exceed _____ of vital capacity

Answer 8

60%

Question 9

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 9

Portion of inspired air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas exchange

Question 10

Anatomic deadspace

Answer 10

Remaining 150-200 ml of air that does not enter alveoli

Question 11

Amount of inspired air that mixes with existing alveolar air with tidal inspiration

Answer 11

~350 ml

Question 12

Ventilation-Perfusion ratio

Answer 12

The ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow
Average of .84
Intense exercise: 5.0

Question 13

Ventilatory Equivalent

Answer 13

Describes the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption
Usually 25 L during submaximal exercise

Question 14

VO2 Max

Answer 14

Maximal oxygen consumption

O2 comsumption plateaus or increases slightly with additional intensity

Question 15

Phase I of minute ventilation

Answer 15

Neurogenic stimuli from the cerebral cortex and feedback from the limbs stimulate the medulla to increase ventilation abruptly

Question 16

Phase II of minute ventilation

Answer 16

After a short plateau minute ventilation rises exponentially to achieve a steady level with gas exchange demands

Question 17

Phase III of minute ventilation

Answer 17

Fine-tuning of the steady state ventilation through peripheral sensory feedback

Question 18

The abrupt decline in ventilation when exercise ceases reflects

Answer 18

Removal of the central command drive

Sensory input from previously active muscles

Question 19

The slower recovery phase results from

Answer 19

Gradual diminution of the short-term potentiation of the respiratory center
Reestablishment of the body’s norms

Question 20

Light to Moderate exercise effect on ventilation

Answer 20

Increases linearly with O2 consumption and CO2 production
Average 20-25 L of air for each L of O2 consumed
Mainly increased through tidal volume

Question 21

More intense sub-maximal exercise effect on ventilation

Answer 21

Minute ventilation moves sharply upward disproportionately to O2 consumption
Can attain 35-40L of air breathed per L of O2 consumed

Question 22

Lactate Threshold

Answer 22

The highest O2 consumption or exercise intensity achieved with less than 1.0 mM increase in blood lactate concentration above the pre-exercise level

Question 23

OBLA

Answer 23

Onset of blood lactate accumulation

(Blood lactate conc. increases to 4.0 mM

Question 24

4 factors affecting lactate threshold

Answer 24

1. Imbalance between rate of glycolysis and aerobic respiration
2. Decreased redox potential
3. Lower blood O2
4. Lower blood flow to skeletal muscles

Question 25

OBLA uses

Answer 25

Provides submaximal exercise measure of aerobic fitness

Occurs without significant metabolic acidosis or cardiovascular strain

Question 26

Acid-Base Buffering of the ventilatory system

Answer 26

Intense exercise leads to imbalance between glycolytic and aerobic systems

• Causes excess H+
• H+ stimulates increase in alveolar ventilation
• CO2 gets blown off

Question 27

Pumonary Ventilation take home

Answer 27

Increases in ventilation directly proportional to increase O2 consumption, except at extremely high intensities
Suggests that ventilation is regulated more by the need to remove CO2

Question 28

Pulmonary ventilation with aerobic training

Answer 28

May be reduced by 25% w/ submaximal exercise
May increase maximal minute ventilation by 25%
Pulmonary diffusion capacity improves

Question 29

Blood lactate levels throughout sub-maximal levels are ____ secondary to training

Answer 29

Reduced

Question 30

VO2 max may ______ by 10-30% with moderate endurance training

Answer 30

Increase