Neuromuscular Pharmacology

Question 1

antiepileptic Agents

Answer 1

• reduce or eliminate seizure activity within the brain. these agents attempt to inhibit the firing of certain cerebral neurons through various effects on the CNS.
  Include barbiturates, benzodiazepine, etc

Question 2

Antispasticity Agents

Answer 2

promote relaxation in a spastic muscle. spasticity is an exaggerated stretch reflex of the muscle that can occur after injury to the CNS.
-spasticity is not a primary condition, but a secondary effect fromCNS damage. Agents bbind selectively within the CNS or within the skeletal muscle cells to reduce spasticity

Question 3

Cholinergic Agents

Answer 3

• direct stimulant agents mimic ACh and bind directly to the cholinergic receptor to activate and create a response at the cellular level.
• indirect acting cholinergic stimulants increase choloinergic synapse activity through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. the incr of ACh at the synapse increase cholinergic synaptic transmission

Question 4

CHolinergic agents Indications

Answer 4

Glaucoma, dementia due to Alzeheimer’s disease, postoperative decrease in gastrointestinal motility, myasthenia gravis, reversal of anticholinergic toxicity

Question 5

Dopamine replacement Agents

Answer 5

• Dopamine replacement agents assist to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease secondary to the decrease in endogenous dopamine.
• these agents are able to cross the BBB through active transport and transform to dopamine within the brain

Question 6

Muscle relaxant agents

Answer 6

• muscle relaxant agents promote relaxation in muscles that typically present with soasm that is a continuous, tonic contraction
• spasm typically ocur secondary to a musculoskeletal or peripheral nerve injury rather than CNS injury

Question 7

MS medical managements

Answer 7

• immunosupressants
• interferon drugs
• symptomatic management of spasticity (baclofen, diasepam, dantrolene, phenol block surgery)
• symptomatic managements of urinary problems

Question 8

ImmunoSuppressants drugs

Answer 8

• treat acute flare-ups and shorten duration of episodes
• adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and steroids (prednisone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, methylprenisolone)
• azathioprine, intravenous immunoglobulin IVIG

Question 9

Inteferon drugs

Answer 9

• slow progression of disease decrease symptoms (Avonex, betaseron, copaxone)

Question 10

Medical management of Parkisons

Answer 10

• sinemet or sustained release SInemet
• dopamine agonist drugs
• anticholinergic drugs
• amantadine
• selegiline
• deep brain stimulation

Question 11

Sinemet or sustained release Sinemet

Answer 11

• provides dopamine and decreases effects of disease; effect is prolonged with low-protein diet
• numerous adverse effect including nausea and vomiting, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, involuntary movements and psychoses and abnormal behaviors
• on-off phenomenon, pt experience sudden changes from normal function to immobility to severe dyskinetic movements

Question 12

dopamine agonist drugs

Answer 12

• enhance the effects of Sinemet therapy

Question 13

anticholinergic agents

Answer 13

• for control of tremor

Question 14

amantadine

Answer 14

• enhances dopamine release

Question 15

selegiline

Answer 15

• monoamine oxidase inhibitor increases dopamine; use during early disease to slow progression

Question 16

Myasthenia gravis medical management

Answer 16

• acetylcholinesterase
• corticosteroids
• immunosuppresants
• plasmapheresis
• thymectomy

Question 17

Epilepsy medical management

Answer 17

-antiepileptic meds

Question 18

Dilantin

Answer 18

• specific drug found within the hydantoin chemical classification that is used to treat epilepsy by stabilizing neural membranes and decreasing neuronal excitability
• side effect: include gastric irritation, sedation, and cerebellar impairments

Question 19

tergetol

Answer 19

• used to treat epilepsy by stabilizing the neuronal membrane by slowing the recovery of sodium channels that fire too rapidly
• cardiac arrhythmias are a primary side effect along with dizziness, blurred vision and CHF

Question 20

klonopin

Answer 20

• specific drug within the benzodiazepine chemical classification that is used to treat epilepsy by its ability to potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA in the brain
• side effects include sedation,ataxia, and behavioral changes

Question 21

neurotonin

Answer 21

• specific drug found within teh secon generation anticonvulsant classification that is used to treat epilepsy by acting as a GABA agonist
• medictaion increases GABA release or acts as a receptor that is different from the GABA receptor
• side effects sedation etc