motor control/ Motor learning

Question 1

Mobility

Answer 1

• the ability to initiate movement through a functional ROM

Question 2

stability

Answer 2

ability to maintain a position or posture through cocontraction and tonic holding around joint. unsupported sitting with midline control is an example of stability

Question 3

controlled mobility

Answer 3

• the baility to move within a weight bearing position or rotate around a long axis. activities in prone on elbows or weight shifting in quadruped are examples of controlled mobility

Question 4

skill

Answer 4

• ability to consistently perform functional tasks and manipulate the environment with normal postural reflex mechanisms and balance reactions. skill activities include ADLs and community locomotion

Question 5

motor learning

Answer 5

• study of the acquisition or modification of movement.

two theorie.

Question 6

Adam’s closed loop theory

Answer 6

• the first attempt at the creation of a comprehensive motor learning theory with the premise of sensory feedback as an ongoing process for the nervous system to compare current movement with stored information on memory of past movement; high emphasis on the concept of practice

Question 7

Schmidt’s schema theory

Answer 7

this theory was created in response to the limitations of the closed loop theory. its main construct relies on open loop control processes and a motor program concept; promotes clinical value of feedback and importance of variation with practice

Question 8

cognitive stage of motor learning

Answer 8

• initial stage of learning where there is a high concentration of conscious processing of information. the person will acquire information regarding teh goal of teh activity and begin to problem solve as to how to attain the goal. a controlled environment is ideal for learning during this stage and participation is a must for the person to progress

-large amt or error
-inconsistent attempt
- repetition of effort allows for improvement n strategies
inconsistent performance
- high degree of cognitive work; listening, observing and processing feedback

Question 9

Associative stage of motor learning

Answer 9

• this is teh intermediate stage of learning where a person is able to more independently distinguish correct versus incorrect performance. the person is linking the feedback that has been received with the movement that had been performed and teh ultimate goal. a controlled environment is helpful bbut at this stage , the person can progress to a less structured or mor eoprn environment. avoid excessive external feedback as teh person should have improved internal or proprioceptive feedback for the task at hand.
• decr error with new skill performance
• decr need for concentration
• skill refinement
• incr coordination in movement
• large amt of pratcice yields refinement of the motor program surrounding the activity

Question 10

Autonomous Stage of motor learning

Answer 10

• final stage of learning or skilled learning where a person improved the efficiency of teh activity without a great need for cognitive control. the person can also perfomr the task with interference from a variable environment
• automatic response
• mainlt error free
• patterns of movement are non-cognitive and automatic
• distraction does not impact the activity
• multitaask
• extrinsic feedback should be limited or not provided
• internal feedback or self-assessment should be dominant

Question 11

intrinsic (inherent) feedback

Answer 11

-represents all feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems as a result of the movement including visual, vestibular, proprioceptive and somatosensory inputs

Question 12

extrinsic (augmented) feedback

Answer 12

-represents the information that can be provided while a task or movement is in progress or subsequent to the movement. this us typically in the form of verbal feedback or manual contacts

Question 13

knowledge of results

Answer 13

• is an important form of extrinsic feedback and includes terminal feedback regarding the outcome of a movement that has been performed in relation to the movement’s goals

Question 14

knowledge or performance

Answer 14

is extrinsic feedback that relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal of movement

Question 15

massed practice

Answer 15

• the practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials

Question 16

Distributed practice

Answer 16

• teh amount of rest time between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of practice time for each trial

Question 17

constant practice

Answer 17

practice of a given task under a uniform condition

Question 18

variable practice

Answer 18

• practice of a given task under differing conditions

Question 19

random practice

Answer 19

varying practice amongst different task

Question 20

blocked practice

Answer 20

consistent practice of a single task

Question 21

whole training

Answer 21

practice of an entire task

Question 22

past training

Answer 22

practice of an individual component or selected components of a task

Question 23

closed system model

Answer 23

• this is characterized by transfer of information that incorporates multiple feedback loops and larger distribution of control. in this model, the nervous system is seen as an active “participant” whith he ability to enable the initiation of movement as opposed to solely “reacting” to stimuli

Question 24

Compensation

Answer 24

the ability to utilize alternate motor and sensory strategies due to an impairment that limits the normal completion of a task

Question 25

habituation

Answer 25

the decrease in response that will occur as a result of consistent exposure to non-painful stimuli

Question 26

Learning

Answer 26

the process of acquiring knowledge about the world that leads to a relatively permanent changein a person’s capability to perfom a skilled action

Question 27

non-associative learning

Answer 27

a single repeated stimulus

Question 28

associative learning

Answer 28

-gaining understanding of teh relationship between two stimuli, casual relationships or stimulus and consequence

Question 29

procedural learning

Answer 29

learning tasks that can be performed without attention or concentration to teh task; a task is learned by forming movement habits

Question 30

declarative learning

Answer 30

• requires attention, awareness and reflection in order to attain knowledge that can be consciously recalled

Question 31

motor learning

Answer 31

• teh ability to perform a movement as a result of internal processes that interact with the environment and produce a consistent strategy to generate teh correct movement
• it is the acquisition of, or modification of movement

Question 32

motor program

Answer 32

• concept of a central motor pattern that can be activated by sensory stimuli or central processes. Motor programs are seen as containing the rules for creating spatial and temporal patterns of motor activity needed to carry out a given motor task

Question 33

open system model

Answer 33

• this is characterized by a single transfer of information without any feedback loop. in this theorym teh nervous system is seen as awaiting stimuli in order to react

Question 34

performance

Answer 34

a temporary change in motor behavior seen during a particular session of pratcice that is a result of many variable however only one variable is focusing on the act of learning.
-performance is not an absolute measure of learning since there are multiple variables that potentially affect performance

Question 35

Plasticity

Answer 35

• the ability to modify or change at the synapse level either temporarily or permantely in order to perform a particular function

Question 36

postural control

Answer 36

• the ability of the motor and sensory systems to stabilize position and control movement

Question 37

Recovery

Answer 37

the ability to utilize previous strategies to return to the same level of functioning

Question 38

Sensitization

Answer 38

the increase in response that will occur as a result of a noxious stimuli

Question 39

Startegy

Answer 39

• a plan used to produce a specific result or outcome that will influence the structure or system