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MSK (mine) > neuromuscular disorders (paeds) > Flashcards

neuromuscular disorders (paeds) Flashcards

1
Q

what are considered upper motor neurones

A

brain

spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the symptoms of damage to the upper motor neurones

A

weakness
spasticity
hyperflexia
extensor plantar response (Babinski sign)

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3
Q

what are considered lower motor neurones

A

anterior horn cells
nerve roots
peripheral nerves

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4
Q

what are the symptoms of damage to the lower motor neurones

A

weakness
reduced tone
hypo- or a-reflexia

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5
Q

at what age would you expect the onset of cerebral palsy

A

before 2-3yrs

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6
Q

what is the cause of cerebral palsy, give examples

A

insult to the immature brain before, during, or after birth:

genetic
brain malformation
intrauterine infection 
prematurity
intra-cranial haemorrhage
hypoxia during birth
meningitis
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7
Q

what is the most common type of cerebral palsy

A

spastic cerebral palsy

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8
Q

what causes spastic cerebral palsy

A

injury to the motor cortex, upper motor neurones or corticospinal tract

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9
Q

what are the symptoms of cerebral palsy

A

weakness and spasticity which may worsen as the child grows

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10
Q

what causes ataxia cerebral palsy, what are the symptoms

A

injury to the cerebellum

reduced co-ordination and balance

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11
Q

give examples of the different types of cerebral palsy

A

ataxia
spastic (most common)
athetoid

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12
Q

what is spina bifida

A

congenital disorder where the two halves of the posterior vertebral arch fail to fuse in the first 6 weeks of gestation

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13
Q

what is spina bifida occulta

A

mildest form of spina bifida

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of spina bifida occulta

A

tell-tale dimple or tuft over area
neurological problems which can occur at any age
tethering of the spinal cord and roots which can lead to high arched foot and clawing of the toes

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15
Q

what is spina bifida cystica

A

more severe form of spina bifida

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of spina bifida cystica

A

the contents of the vertebral canal herniates through the defect either as a menigocele or a myelomenigocele

17
Q

what is contained in a menigocele

A

meninges

18
Q

what is contained in a myelomenigocele

A

spinal cord or cauda equina

19
Q

what is poliomyelitis? what is it also known as

A

polio, it is a viral infection

20
Q

how does the polio virus enter the body

A

via the GI tract

21
Q

what are the symptoms of polio

A

flu-like illness
variable degree of paralysis in one limb which may improve
weakness
joint deformities
growth defects with shortening of the limbs

22
Q

what is the treatment of polio

A

vaccination

splintage or tendon transfer for residual paralysis

23
Q

what us syndactyly

A

fusion of two digits due to failure of separation

24
Q

what is the most common congenital malformation

A

syndactyly

25
Q

what is polydactyly

A

extra digit

26
Q

what is fibula hemimelia

A

partial or complete absence of the fibula leading to a shortening limb

27
Q

what is

Obstetric brachial plexus palsy

A

damage to the brachial plexus resulting in paralysis

28
Q

what are the risk factors of

Obstetric brachial plexus palsy

A

large baby
vaginal delivery
twin delivery
shoulder dystocia

29
Q

what are the two types of

Obstetric brachial plexus palsy

A

Erb’s palsy

Klumpke’s palsy

30
Q

what is Erb’s palsy, what does it cause

A

injury to upper brachical plexus =C5 & 6.

this results in loss of motor innervation to muscles:

deltoid
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
biceps
brachialis
31
Q

what are the symptoms of Erb’s palsy

A

internal rotation of the humerus

“waiter’s tip” posture

32
Q

what is Klumpke’s palsy

A

injury to lower brachial plexus = C8 & T1

33
Q

what causes Klumpke’s palsy

A

forceful adduction

34
Q

what are the symptoms of Klumpke’s palsy

A

paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles +/- fingers and wrist flexors
horner’s syndrome
flexed fingers

MSK (mine) (17 decks)

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