infections Flashcards

1
Q

what is acute osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone and medullary cavity usually located in a long bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the common cause of acute osteomyelitis

A

staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the investigations of acute osteomyelitis

A

MRI
bone biopsy = gold standard
stick a probe in and see if it touches bone
look and see if bone is visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the treatment of acute osteomyelitis, when should it be carried out

A

treatment should take place once the organism is identified

debridement
specific antibiotics for 6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the two ways chronic osteomyelitis can occur

A

pus can enter into the joint cavity

pus can enter into the periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does chronic osteomyelitis result in

A

involucrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is involucrum, what causes it

A

new layer if bone growth outside the existing bone

this is due to the stripping off of the periosteum by the accumulation of pus within the bone, the new bone then grows from this periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the investigations of chronic osteomyelitis

A

X-ray

MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis

A

not all require surgery: possible to live with it and just treat the flare ups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the spread of vertebral osteomyelitis

A

haematogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is vertebral osteomyelitis associated with

A

epidural

psoas abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the causes of vertebral osteomyelitis

A

IVDU
IV
GU infection
post-op

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the symptoms of vertebral osteomyelitis

A

fever in 50%
insidious pain/tenderness
raised inflammatory markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the investigations of vertebral osteomyelitis, when would they be done

A

MRI
biopsy: repeat if fail to get info
open biopsy = if 2 x biopsy have failed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis

A

drain abscesses
specific antibiotics for 6 weeks
repeat MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when would a repeat MRI be used in the treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis

A

unexplained increase in inflammatory markers
increasing pain
new anatomically related symptoms

17
Q

who is affected by haematogenous osteomyelitis

A
children
elderly
IVDU
dialysis patients
patients with central lines
18
Q

what is septic arthritis

A

pus in the joint

19
Q

what is the spread of septic arthritis

A

haematogenous

metaphyseal

20
Q

what are the investigations of septic arthritis

A

microscopy
blood culture if pyrexial
exclude gout

21
Q

what is the treatment of septic arthritis

A

high dose flucloxacillin = presumptive to treat staph aureus + ceftriaxone if <5

adjust antibiotics when organism is confirmed

22
Q

what is pyomyositis

A

bacterial infection of skeletal muscles

23
Q

what is the cause of pyomyositis

A

90% = staph

24
Q

what is Synovitis Acne Pustolosis Hyperostosis Osteitis (SAPHO) known as in children

A

chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)

25
what are the symptoms of SAPHO/CRMO
exacerbations and remissions fever weight loss generalised malaise
26
what are the investigations of SAPHO/CRMO
samples = exclude osteomyelitis raised inflammatory markers X-ray = lytic lesions
27
what investigations should be done if an infected arthroplasty is suspected
CRP joint aspiration bone scan X-ray
28
what is the history of an infected arthroplasty
problem with the wound | never been pain free
29
what is the treatment of an infected arthroplasty
two stage revision
30
what is tetanus
gram positive, anaerobic rods
31
what does tetanus release
neurotoxin which causes spastic paralysis due to binding to inhibitory neurones preventing the release of neurotransmitters
32
what is the incubation period of tetanus
4 days - several weeks
33
what are the symptoms of tetanus
lockjaw | muscle spasms
34
what is the treatment of tetanus
surgical debridement anti-toxin antibiotics booster vaccination
35
what antibiotics are used in the treatment of tetanus
penicillin or metronidazole