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act - Neuroscience > Neuromodulators, Neurogenomics, Neurogenetics > Flashcards

Neuromodulators, Neurogenomics, Neurogenetics Flashcards

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SAT® Prep flashcards
1
Q

What endocrine factors can modulate neural circuit function?

A

> Hormones

> Cytokines

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2
Q

What types of hormones modulate neural circuit function?

A

> Sex hormones (eg, oestrogen, testosterone)

> Stress hormones (eg, glucocorticoids)

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3
Q

In what ways can cytokines modulate neural circuit function?

A

> Inflammatory responses

> Neuro-immune interactions

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4
Q

What neurotransmitters have a neuromodulatory effect?

A 
> Serotonin
> Dopamine
> Other biogenic amines
> Acetylcholine
> Neuropeptides
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5
Q

What do neuropeptide actions require?

A

Receptors of the GPCR family

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6
Q

What are GPCR family receptors?

A

seven-transmembrane receptors

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7
Q

What are oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

nonapeptides synthesised from a precursor protein. A carrier protein, neurophysin is synthesised in the same process

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8
Q

What are oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

nonapeptides synthesised from a precursor protein. A carrier protein, neurophysin is synthesised in the same process

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9
Q

What techniques are used to explore neuropeptide function?

A 
> Receptor autoradiography
> mRNA analysis
> Immunohistochemistry
> Microdialysis followed by radioimmunoassays
> Exogenous administration
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10
Q

What are the main types of action for vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

> Neuroendocrine regulation

> Behaviour regulation

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11
Q

How can vasopressin and oxytocin have such diverse effects?

A

> Variation in release
Variations in receptors and signal transduction
Variations in circuits

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12
Q

What are the two main mechanisms of neurotransmitter release?

A

> Axonal terminals

> Dendrites

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13
Q

Where are vasopressin producing neurons located?

A

In the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus

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14
Q

What is V1a?

A

A receptor that mediates vasopressin’s behavioural effects

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15
Q

Where is V1a expressed?

A 
> Vascular smooth muscles
> Hepatocytes
> Platelets
> Uterus
> Brain
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16
Q

Where is V1b expressed?

A

> Anterior pituitary

> Brain

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17
Q

Where is V2 expressed?

A

> Kidney

> Liver

18
Q

Where is the Oxytocin receptor expressed?

A

> Uterus
Mammary glands
Brain

19
Q

What are the main vasopressin receptors?

A

> V1a
V1b
V2

20
Q

What type of receptor are the vasopressin and oxytocin receptors?

A

G-protein couples receptors

21
Q

What type of receptor are the vasopressin and oxytocin receptors?

A

G-protein couples receptors

22
Q

How are vasopressin and oxytocin sexually dimorphic?

A

Wrt sex-specific functions, vasopression is active in males, and oxytocin is active in females.

23
Q

What affiliation behaviours are oxytocin associated with in animals?

A

> Maternal behaviour
Alloparenting in females
Partner preference in females
Pair bond formation in females

24
Q

What affiliation behaviours are vasopressin associated with in animals?

A

> Paternal behaviour
Alloparenting in males
Partner preference in males
Pair bond formation in males

25
Q

What social cognitions are oxytocin associated with in animals?

A

Social memory

26
Q

What affiliation behaviours are oxytocin associated with in humans?

A

> Trust, generosity and co operation
Paternal play
Partner communication
Enhances in-group preferences in men

27
Q

What social cognitions are oxytocin associated with in humans?

A

> Facial recognition
Facial affect recognition
Enhances attention towards the eyes in men
Improves detection of social words and biological motion

28
Q

What aggression behaviours are associated with oxytocin in animals?

A

> Maternal aggression

29
Q

What aggression behaviours are associate with vasopressin in animals?

A

> Maternal and paternal aggression
Post-mating aggression
Intermale aggression

30
Q

What aggression behaviours are associate with vasopressin in animals?

A

> Maternal and paternal aggression
Post-mating aggression
Intermale aggression

31
Q

What aggression behaviours are associated with vasopression in humans?

A

> Increases hostile facial responses in men

32
Q

What anxiety and stress responses are associated with oxytocin in animals?

A

> Inhibition of HPA response

> Anxiolysis

33
Q

What anxiety and stress responses are associated with vasopressin in animals?

A

> Regulation of HPA axis

> Anxiogenesis

34
Q

What anxiety and stress responses are associated with oxytocin in humans?

A

> Cortical response wrt social stress
Extinguishes fear condition in men
Reduces amygdala response to threatening stimuli

35
Q

What anxiety and stress responses are associated with vasopressin in humans?

A

> Increases cortical response wrt social stressors in men

36
Q

What did Young and Wang (2004) find?

A

Monogamous prairie voles have more V1a receptors in ventral pallidum than non-monogamous voles

37
Q

What did Goodson et al (2009) find?

A

> Oxytocin is related to flocking in zebra finches

> Colonial bird species express greater levels of VT neurons than non-colonial

38
Q

What did Carsten et al (2010) find?

A

The regulation of intergroup conflict in humans by promoting in-group care (as oppose to out-group aggression)

39
Q

What did Bartels and Zaki (2004) find?

A

That vasopressin and oxytocin are associated with the development of filial and romantic love

40
Q

What are the main neuroendocrine regulation effects of oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

> Amino acid and noradrenalin release
HPA axis
Auto-regulation

41
Q

What are the main behaviour regulation effects of oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

> Emotional
Social
Cognitive

act - Neuroscience (13 decks)

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