Glutamate Receptors

Question 0

What is Hebbian Learning?

Answer 0

When an axon of CellA is near enough to excite B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth processes or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased

Question 1

What are Hebb’s three postulates?

Answer 1

• Hebbian learning
• Cell Assemblies
• Phase Sequences

Question 2

What is a Cell Assembly?

Answer 2

Groups of neurons which tend to fire together

Question 3

What is a Phase Sequence?

Answer 3

The sequential activation of sets of Cell Assemblies

Question 4

What are the types of memory according to McDougall?

Answer 4

• Implicit

* Explicit

Question 5

What are the types of memory according to Ryle and Bruner?

Answer 5

• Knowing how

* Knowing what

Question 6

What are the types of memory currently accepted today?

Answer 6

• Declarative

* Non-declarative

Question 7

What was removed from HM?

Answer 7

The hippocampus on both sides

Question 8

What is the main excitatory NT in the mammalian CNS?

Answer 8

Glutamate

Question 9

What is an NMDA receptor involved in?

Answer 9

An NMDA receptor is involved in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain

Question 10

What are the two types of glutamate receptor?

Answer 10

• Ionotropic

* Metabotropic

Question 11

What are Ionotropic Glutamate receptors?

Answer 11

Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 12

What are Metabotropic glutamate receptors?

Answer 12

G-protein coupled receptors that act via secondary messenger systems

Question 13

What is the pharmacological classification of Ionotropic glutamate receptors

Answer 13

• NMDA type receptors
• Non-NMDA type receptors
->AMPA receptors
->Kainate receptors

Question 14

What are AMPA receptors?

Answer 14

GluR1-4

Question 15

What are the kainate receptors?

Answer 15

GluR5-7, KA1 and KA2

Question 16

What are the NMDA receptors?

Answer 16

NMDAR1, NMDAR2A-D

Question 17

Who isolated GluR1?

Answer 17

Hollmann et al (1989)

Question 18

What did Hollmann et al discover?

Answer 18

The genetic structure of GluR1

Question 19

What is the structure of GluR1?

Answer 19

Two proteins:
• 4 transmembrane helices
• 3 transmembrane helices + pore loop

Question 20

On ionotropic glutamate receptors what is the glutamate binding site formed by?

Answer 20

An N-terminal tail and the extracellular loop linking helices 2 and 3

Question 21

What forms the channel in an Ionotropic glutamate receptor?

Answer 21

The P-loop between transmembrane helices 1 and 2

Question 22

What type of ion channels do iGluRs form?

Answer 22

Tetrameric

Question 23

What are the majority of AMPA receptors in the CNS?

Answer 23

Heteromers containing GluR2

Question 24

What effect does the presence of GluR2 have on AMPA receptors?

Answer 24

It makes them impermeable to calcium

Question 25

What do postsynaptic AMPA glutamate receptors mediate?

Answer 25

Postsynaptic depolarisation (due to a net influx of NA+)

Question 26

What is the role of kainate receptors in synaptic transmission?

Answer 26

They have a modulatory role, both pre-and post synaptically

Question 27

How did ionotropic glutamate receptors evolve?

Answer 27

They are evolved independently of nicotinic ACh, GABA and glycine channels