Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 1 > Neurology Organization and Contol > Flashcards

Neurology Organization and Contol Flashcards

1
Q

structural division of nervous system

A
  1. CNS

2. PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

processing center, main control center

housed by axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PNS

A

nerves outside the CNS (everything but)

relays information to and from the CNS to various endpoints in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functional breakdown of nervous system

A
  1. somatic nervous system

2. autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

somatic nervous system

A

provides sensory and motor innervation

controls voluntary movement

skeletal muscle (excludes viscera, smooth muscle, glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

provides motor innervation to the smooth muscle, conduction of the heart, glands

without conscious thought

divided into: Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A
  1. axon
  2. dendrite
  3. cell body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 types of neurons

A

afferent

efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

afferent nerve

A

SENSORY

carries information from skin/peripheral to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

efferent nerve

A

MOTOR

carries information from the CNS to the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of supporting cells

A
  1. schwann cell
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. astrocytes
  4. ependymal cells
  5. microglial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

energy requirements of nervous system

A

requires 15% of cardiac output , 20% of O2 consumption

obligate aerobic (can’t store oxygen so requires continues supply of O2 from blood – only lasts about 10 sec w/o before death)

Glucose is source of energy – can’t store so also gets it from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

energy source of the brain

A

GLUCOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 meningeal layers

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dura mater

A

pain sensitive

two layers: edosteum (attached to the skull) and meningeal (has potential space where it separates from arachnoid mater for dural venal sinuses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

arachnoid mater

A

web of supportive collagen

acts as a shock absorber to prevent trauma

contains subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

subarachnoid space

A

exists between pia and arachnoid mater

collection of cerebral vasculature and CSF cisterns

site of hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pia mater

A

most inner meninge

covers every surface of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

symptoms:
workup:
treatment:

A

symptoms: sudden, “worst HA of life”
workup: non contrast CT - will show blood, lumbar puncture with Xianthrochromia
treatment: neurosurgical intervention to stop bleeding, high mortality if not identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Action potential

A
  1. resting membrane potential: polarized but no activity
  2. depolarization: influx of sodium ions that generate rapid electrical impulse
  3. repolarization: Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, efflux of K+ causes the potential to decrease back to resting
    - — can’t be depolarized during this time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which cells produce myelin

A 
schwann cells (PNS)
oligodendrocytes  (CNS)
22
Q

benefits of myelin

A

speeds up conduction

protects axon

23
Q

astrocytes

A

largest and most numerous

fills intracellular space
tightens the BBB
regulates ionic concentrations and synaptic activity
repairs and scar formation

24
Q

microglia

A

phagocytes

cleans up debris

25
Q

ependymal cells

A

line the ventricular system

combines with vascular network to form choroid plexus

forms a very selective barrier (causes CSF to be sterile)

26
Q

choroid plexus fxn

A

formation of CSF

27
Q

disorders of the myelin sheath

A

guillain-barre

multiple sclerosis

28
Q

Guillan Barre

A

peripheral nervous system

attacks schwann cells

progressive paralysis from limbs towards center

only attacks the myelin sheath so it can recover

29
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

central nervous system (oligodendrocytes)

can attack either the whole axon or just the sheath (relapsing/remitting)

30
Q

BBB

A

blood brain barrier

separates blood from brain parenchyma

tight jxn so only lipid soluble can pass

31
Q

2 methods of neuronal communication

A

electrical synapse

chemical synapse

32
Q

electrical synapse

A

gap jxns b/t cells

allow action potential to move from cell to cell

33
Q

chemical synapse

A

neurochemicals are released from the presynaptic structure and travel thru synaptic clef and interact with postsynaptic receptors on another neuron

excite or inhibit

34
Q

Neurotransmitters

A 
GABA
glutamate
serotonin
dopamin
norepinephrine
epinephrine
35
Q

GABA

A

mediates most synaptic inhibition

increases the threshold (harder to excite)

ex. of drugs that work on GABA receptors are barbiturates and benzodiazopine

36
Q

glutamate

A

NT that mediates most synaptic excitation

lowers the threshold so it is easier to generate action potential

37
Q

blood supply to anterior cerebrum

A

internal carotid

arises from common carotid

bifurcates into anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries

38
Q

common place for ischemia in the brain?

A

middle cerebral arteries

emboli often lodge here

39
Q

blood supply to posterior cerebrum

A

vertebral arteries

arise from subclavian

forms basilar artery–> posterior cerebral arteries

supplies brainstem, cerebellum, occipital lobes, temporal lobes, thalamus

40
Q

circle of willis

A

anastomosis that connects the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain via communicating arteries to allow for collateral blood flow

41
Q

circle of willis advantage

A

minimizes damage of ischemia by allowing oxygenated blood to flow in other paths to affected tissues

42
Q

Sequelae of the middle cerebral artery

A

fine manipulative skills of face and upper limbs to receptive and expressive communication

aphasia when there is an emboli

43
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

at the conus medullar is

44
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

32

8 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral
2 coccygeal
45
Q

clinical presentation of complete cord transection syndrome

A

dependent on level of transection

will have numbness and loss of all sensory modalities, weakness and paralysis below effected level, bladder dysfunction

46
Q

transection of spinal cord at upper cervical level

A
  1. quadriplegia (paralysis of 4 limbs)
  2. areflexia of upper and lower extremities
  3. anesthesia below transection level
  4. loss of sphincter control, urinary and bowl retention
47
Q

injuries above which level involve cessation of respiration?

A

C3

48
Q

neurogenic shock

A

hypothermia and hypotension
(low temp and low blood pressure)

more likely to occur when transection is at higher levels on SC

attempt to stabilize breathing and blood pressure to prevent

49
Q

transection at thoracic level

A
  1. paraplegia (loss of lower limbs)
  2. anesthesia of lower limb
  3. areflexia of lower quadrant
  4. urinary, bowel retention and loss of sphincter control

spares respiratory muscles so less likely to have neurogenic shock

50
Q

Cauda Equina syndrome

symptoms

A 
asymmetric pain, 
leg weakness, 
sensory loss, 
bladder/bowel dysfunction, 
saddle anesthesia, 
decreased DTR in LE 
back pain
51
Q

cauda equina syndrome

cause and diagnosis

A

compression of the caudal nerves, i.e. trauma, disc herniation, lesions, lumbar stenosis

diagnosis: imaging (CT/MRI)

52
Q

cauda equina syndrome

treatmetn

A

surgical decompression to relieve compression

KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions