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KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

normal flora

A

bacteria that are always present in certain places of the body

dont cause harm (low virulence) at their intended site but can cause harm if somewhere else (opportunistic)

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2
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

pathogens that only cause disease in immunocompromised states

only cause disease if given the opportunity

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3
Q

colonized

A

formation of population of microorganisms

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4
Q

carriers

A

individuals with pathogens in a significant number; acts a source of the infection

MAY not have symptoms

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5
Q

virulence

A

microbes ability to cause disease

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6
Q

ID 50

A

of organisms required to cause disease in 50% of population

individualized for ea. pathogen
LOW ID50 = HIGH Virulence

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7
Q

infection

A

presence of pathogen and/or symptoms of disease

may have presence of pathogen with out symptoms (subclinical) – due to immune response

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8
Q

endemic

A

persistent infections, usually low levels in specified areas

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9
Q

ex. of endemic

A

yearly, we expect about 13% of population in Jamaica to have malaria

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10
Q

epidemic

A

disease occurs at much higher rate than usual for a specified region

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11
Q

ex. of epidemic

A

500 cases of zika in cincinnati

expected zero

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12
Q

pandemics

A

infections that spread rapidly all over the globe

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13
Q

main entry points for human disease1

A

GI, respiratory, skin, genitals

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14
Q

two methods of human to human

A

direct and indirect contact

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15
Q

vector

A

LIVIING ORGANISM (I.E. tick or insect) that transmits disease from one to another

just carries disease, doesn’t get sick

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16
Q

direct contact

A

directly passes from person to person (i.e. via kissing)

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17
Q

indirect contact

A

passes from human to something else then to new person

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18
Q

non human to human methods of transmission

A

zoontes

fomites

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19
Q

zoonotic

A

pathogens hat utilize an animal reservoir to cause disease

i.e. Swine flu

animal is also sixk

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20
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects that carry infection (clothes, utensils, furniture)

cough on a dirty tide and then touch the tissue

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21
Q

4 stages of disease

A
  1. incubation – from when you get it to when you begin to have symptoms
  2. prodrome – may or may not, non specific symptoms
  3. illness – characteristics of specific disease
  4. recovery/convalescence
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22
Q

main fxn of immune system

A

prevent or limit severity of infections

healthy system can distinguish self from foreign (autoimmune can’t)

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23
Q

immunodeficiency

A

occurs when there is a weakness or integrity of immune system so it allows pathogens to proliferate

esp. opportunistic pathogens

24
Q

two types of immune system

A

innate and adaptive

25
innate immune
born with it fully formed, prior to exposure function quickly upon exposure in a non specific way no immunologic memory maintains barriers, macrophages
26
1st line of defense
chemical and physical barriers (skin and mucous membranes, fluid secretion, GI acid, coughing and sneezing) innate
27
2nd line of defense
inflammation response (heat, redness, swelling, pain) activation of complement recruiting leukocytes and NK cells presentation to adaptive
28
3rd line of defense
adaptive immune system specific for a pathogen/antigen takes several days before fully fxnl exposure has memory
29
adaptive immune system two types of cells
b and t cells
30
b cells
generate the antibodies that recognize and inactive the pathogen recruit cells to kill pathogen generates both Abs and daughter plasma cells to have memory
31
steps in b cells once infected
presentation with Ag proliferation to make Abs, plasma cells Abs circulate in blood and come across infection Ab binds and tags for inactivation and elimination
32
memory B cells k
cells that keep a stored copy of Abs so that it can be readily and rapidly copied upon repeat infection speeds up reaction time of immune system may decrease in levels if long time b/t infections
33
types of t cells
helper t cells | killer t cells
34
helper t cells
manages non cytotoxic facilities other cells to manage pathogens
35
killer t cells
recognize different antigen/ab completes searches body to find them then induces apoptosis
36
who recommends immunization schedules?
ACIP and CDC
37
two classifications of immunizations
active and passive
38
active immunization
stimulates host to produce an immune response by stimulating B cell proliferation, Abresponse and T cell sensitization vaccination PREVENTATIVE given to immunocompetent pts prior to exposure goal is long term immunity, protects from disease
39
what are active immunizations derived from?
weakened live attenuated bacteria or virus, whole killed bacteria, or antigenic subunits of organisms
40
what happens at next exposure after adaptive immunization
there is a secondary responses that increases proliferation of B cells and formation of Abs this is much faster and more effective
41
3 types of active immunizations
1. inactivated 2. live attenuated 3. toxoids
42
inactivated bacteria vaccinations
most common inert pathogens to engage immune system ex. pertussis, flue, hap A, polio, meningococcal, typhoid
43
life attenuate bacteria vaccinations
weakened (low threshold so won't get you sick) contraindicated for immunocompromised or pregnant patients (due to ability to potentially cause disease) ex. MMR, intranasal flu, oral typhoid, yellow fever, rotavirus, varicella
44
Toxoids vaccinations
bacterial toxins modified to make them nontoxic (not given Ag) if exposed after vaccination, binds to toxin so that it is unable to cause disease ex. tetanus and diphtheria
45
passive immunization
reactive person is given Abs to a disease instead of producing them themselves short term (weeks to month) IM Ig special consideration if given an active live virus vaccination bc it can combine to do nothing for patient provides immediate protection to those who have been or will exposed to a pathogen
46
examples of passive immunization
``` administration fo IgG Abs via placenta or breast milk in newborns botulism IgG rabies IgG tetanus IgG ```
47
true contraindications for vaccination
1. anaphylaxis 2. immunocompromised or pregnant for live viruses can have specific ones for a certain vaccine
48
precautions taken for vaccination
must weigh risk v benefit if you are currently sick don't want to overwhelm immune system severe neurologic impa=irment after another vaccination (GBS or encephalopathy)
49
system for adverse event reporting
VAERS
50
who can report an adverse event
patients, parent/caregiver, providers
51
what counts as adverse event? 4
1. anaphylaxis w/in several days 2. encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizure 3. squelae 4. serious or unusual event
52
what do you consult when determining which vaccine to give?
immunization schedules released by CDC
53
routine childhood (12)
Hib b (heam. influenza B) HepA HepB HPV IPV (polio) Flu MMR MCV (meningococcal) PCV 13 (pneumonococcal) RV (rotovirus) VAR (varicella) DTaP/Tdap (tetanus diphtheria and aceullar pertussis <7 and >7)
54
catch up schedule
used if a patient hasn't had their vaccines routinely but would like to complete them
55
routine adult vaccinations
1. influenza 2. Td.Tdap 3. Zooster (shingles, 60+) 4. Pneumococcal (65+)
56
database for documenting vaccination
EMR
57
what is reported to EMR? (6)
1. type of vaccine, dose 2. site and route of administration 3. date next dose due 4. manufacturer and lot # 5. name and address and title of administer 6. date and time of administration

KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 1 (12 decks)

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