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KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

normal flora

A

bacteria that are always present in certain places of the body

dont cause harm (low virulence) at their intended site but can cause harm if somewhere else (opportunistic)

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2
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

pathogens that only cause disease in immunocompromised states

only cause disease if given the opportunity

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3
Q

colonized

A

formation of population of microorganisms

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4
Q

carriers

A

individuals with pathogens in a significant number; acts a source of the infection

MAY not have symptoms

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5
Q

virulence

A

microbes ability to cause disease

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6
Q

ID 50

A

of organisms required to cause disease in 50% of population

individualized for ea. pathogen
LOW ID50 = HIGH Virulence

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7
Q

infection

A

presence of pathogen and/or symptoms of disease

may have presence of pathogen with out symptoms (subclinical) – due to immune response

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8
Q

endemic

A

persistent infections, usually low levels in specified areas

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9
Q

ex. of endemic

A

yearly, we expect about 13% of population in Jamaica to have malaria

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10
Q

epidemic

A

disease occurs at much higher rate than usual for a specified region

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11
Q

ex. of epidemic

A

500 cases of zika in cincinnati

expected zero

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12
Q

pandemics

A

infections that spread rapidly all over the globe

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13
Q

main entry points for human disease1

A

GI, respiratory, skin, genitals

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14
Q

two methods of human to human

A

direct and indirect contact

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15
Q

vector

A

LIVIING ORGANISM (I.E. tick or insect) that transmits disease from one to another

just carries disease, doesn’t get sick

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16
Q

direct contact

A

directly passes from person to person (i.e. via kissing)

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17
Q

indirect contact

A

passes from human to something else then to new person

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18
Q

non human to human methods of transmission

A

zoontes

fomites

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19
Q

zoonotic

A

pathogens hat utilize an animal reservoir to cause disease

i.e. Swine flu

animal is also sixk

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20
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects that carry infection (clothes, utensils, furniture)

cough on a dirty tide and then touch the tissue

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21
Q

4 stages of disease

A
  1. incubation – from when you get it to when you begin to have symptoms
  2. prodrome – may or may not, non specific symptoms
  3. illness – characteristics of specific disease
  4. recovery/convalescence
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22
Q

main fxn of immune system

A

prevent or limit severity of infections

healthy system can distinguish self from foreign (autoimmune can’t)

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23
Q

immunodeficiency

A

occurs when there is a weakness or integrity of immune system so it allows pathogens to proliferate

esp. opportunistic pathogens

24
Q

two types of immune system

A

innate and adaptive

25
Q

innate immune

A

born with it
fully formed, prior to exposure
function quickly upon exposure in a non specific way

no immunologic memory

maintains barriers, macrophages

26
Q

1st line of defense

A

chemical and physical barriers (skin and mucous membranes, fluid secretion, GI acid, coughing and sneezing)

innate

27
Q

2nd line of defense

A

inflammation response (heat, redness, swelling, pain)

activation of complement

recruiting leukocytes and NK cells

presentation to adaptive

28
Q

3rd line of defense

A

adaptive immune system

specific for a pathogen/antigen
takes several days before fully fxnl exposure
has memory

29
Q

adaptive immune system two types of cells

A

b and t cells

30
Q

b cells

A

generate the antibodies that recognize and inactive the pathogen

recruit cells to kill pathogen

generates both Abs and daughter plasma cells to have memory

31
Q

steps in b cells once infected

A

presentation with Ag

proliferation to make Abs, plasma cells

Abs circulate in blood and come across infection

Ab binds and tags for inactivation and elimination

32
Q

memory B cells k

A

cells that keep a stored copy of Abs so that it can be readily and rapidly copied upon repeat infection

speeds up reaction time of immune system

may decrease in levels if long time b/t infections

33
Q

types of t cells

A

helper t cells

killer t cells

34
Q

helper t cells

A

manages

non cytotoxic

facilities other cells to manage pathogens

35
Q

killer t cells

A

recognize different antigen/ab completes

searches body to find them then induces apoptosis

36
Q

who recommends immunization schedules?

A

ACIP and CDC

37
Q

two classifications of immunizations

A

active and passive

38
Q

active immunization

A

stimulates host to produce an immune response by stimulating B cell proliferation, Abresponse and T cell sensitization

vaccination

PREVENTATIVE

given to immunocompetent pts prior to exposure

goal is long term immunity, protects from disease

39
Q

what are active immunizations derived from?

A

weakened live attenuated bacteria or virus, whole killed bacteria, or antigenic subunits of organisms

40
Q

what happens at next exposure after adaptive immunization

A

there is a secondary responses that increases proliferation of B cells and formation of Abs

this is much faster and more effective

41
Q

3 types of active immunizations

A
  1. inactivated
  2. live attenuated
  3. toxoids
42
Q

inactivated bacteria vaccinations

A

most common
inert pathogens to engage immune system

ex. pertussis, flue, hap A, polio, meningococcal, typhoid

43
Q

life attenuate bacteria vaccinations

A

weakened (low threshold so won’t get you sick)

contraindicated for immunocompromised or pregnant patients (due to ability to potentially cause disease)

ex. MMR, intranasal flu, oral typhoid, yellow fever, rotavirus, varicella

44
Q

Toxoids vaccinations

A

bacterial toxins modified to make them nontoxic (not given Ag)

if exposed after vaccination, binds to toxin so that it is unable to cause disease

ex. tetanus and diphtheria

45
Q

passive immunization

A

reactive

person is given Abs to a disease instead of producing them themselves

short term (weeks to month)

IM Ig

special consideration if given an active live virus vaccination bc it can combine to do nothing for patient

provides immediate protection to those who have been or will exposed to a pathogen

46
Q

examples of passive immunization

A 
administration fo IgG
Abs via placenta or breast milk in newborns
botulism IgG
rabies IgG
tetanus IgG
47
Q

true contraindications for vaccination

A
  1. anaphylaxis
  2. immunocompromised or pregnant for live viruses

can have specific ones for a certain vaccine

48
Q

precautions taken for vaccination

A

must weigh risk v benefit

if you are currently sick don’t want to overwhelm immune system

severe neurologic impa=irment after another vaccination (GBS or encephalopathy)

49
Q

system for adverse event reporting

A

VAERS

50
Q

who can report an adverse event

A

patients, parent/caregiver, providers

51
Q

what counts as adverse event? 4

A
  1. anaphylaxis w/in several days
  2. encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizure
  3. squelae
  4. serious or unusual event
52
Q

what do you consult when determining which vaccine to give?

A

immunization schedules released by CDC

53
Q

routine childhood (12)

A

Hib b (heam. influenza B)

HepA

HepB

HPV

IPV (polio)

Flu

MMR

MCV (meningococcal)

PCV 13 (pneumonococcal)

RV (rotovirus)

VAR (varicella)

DTaP/Tdap (tetanus diphtheria and aceullar pertussis <7 and >7)

54
Q

catch up schedule

A

used if a patient hasn’t had their vaccines routinely but would like to complete them

55
Q

routine adult vaccinations

A
  1. influenza
  2. Td.Tdap
  3. Zooster (shingles, 60+)
  4. Pneumococcal (65+)
56
Q

database for documenting vaccination

A

EMR

57
Q

what is reported to EMR? (6)

A
  1. type of vaccine, dose
  2. site and route of administration
  3. date next dose due
  4. manufacturer and lot #
  5. name and address and title of administer
  6. date and time of administration

KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 1 (12 decks)

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