Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

cell type:

helminth

A

eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cell type:

protozoa

A

eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cell type:

fungi

A

eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cell type:

bacteria

A

prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cell type:

viruses

A

noncellular

semiliving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cell type:

prion

A

noncellular

only a protein, not living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cell contents:

helminths

A

cytoplasm
energy metabolism
protein synthesis
BOTH DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cell contents:

fungi

A

cytoplasm
energy metabolism
protein synthesis
BOTH DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cell contents:

protozoa

A

cytoplasm
energy metabolism
protein synthesis
BOTH DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cell contents:

bacteria

A

cytoplasm
energy metabolism
protein synthesis
BOTH DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BOTH DNA and RNA

A

BACTERIA
HELMINTHS
FUNGI
PROTOZOA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

viruses cell contents

A

EITHER DNA or RNA

one nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell contents:

prion

A

NO nucleic acid

neither DNA or RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do prions cause disease?

A

they are a misfolded protein that causes disease via accumulation

(eventually causing death)

long incubation period, so could be a long time before you see symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

accumulation

A

eventually enough normal proteins will be misfolded so disease symptoms appear

they enter normal neural tissue and cause them to convert to prions as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

outcome of prion disease?

A

death

100% fatality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stability of prions

A

they are extremely stable

resist denaturation (can’t sterilize) and if even partially damaged, they can renature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

prion diseases in humans

A

Kuru

CJD

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

familial fatal insomnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Resistance to denaturation (in depth)

A

Don’t have a nucleic acid so they are unable to be sterilized

resistance to heat, proteases, and radiation

can renature and become infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

viruses can infect____

A

all life forms

most abundant pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Size of viruses

A

VERY small

1/100th of a bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

largest virus

A

POX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

virus

A

obligate intracellular parasite that relies on the host for replication and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

viruses depend on host

A

obligate intracellular parasite

no self metabolic processes

need them for replication and protein synthesis

assemble within host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Co-concurrence

which virus displays co-concurrence?

A

dependence on another virus to produce an active infection

ex. Hep D depends on Hep B for replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

basic structure of a virus

A

nucleic acid
capside

nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) wrapped in protein nucleocapsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Envelope and survival

A

envelop = less stable in environment

NO ENVELOPE = better survival in environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

transmission method for enveloped viruses

A

parental

genital/respiratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

transmission method for non enveloped viruses

A

fecal/oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Methods of viral entry to cell

A
  1. endocytosis (receptor mediated or pinocytosis)
  2. fusion
  3. direct penetration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which type of viruses enter cell via endocytosis?

ex.

A

non enveloped viruses

Hep C, polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

virus replicates the signal required by the host’s cell receptor
the receptor then brings the virus into the cell allowing it to infect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

fusion

A

enveloped viruses

HIV, Herpes Simplex

viruses comes to and merges with cell membrane, opens its envelope to release its contents into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

penetration

A

least common of all three

non enveloped viruses

needle spring like action
doesn’t open the cell membrane, just pushes thru

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

examples of endocytosis viruses

A

Hep C

Polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

examples of fusion viruses

A

HIV

herpes simplex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

examples of penetration viruses

A 
bacteriophages
RNA viruses (myxovirus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

three ways viruses cause disease:

A
  1. lyse host cell
  2. invoke immune response that causes disease
  3. cause neoplastic formation of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ex. of virus that lyses host cell

A

influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

ex. of virus that invokes immune response (immune response is cause of disease)

A

Hep B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ex. of virus that causes formation of neoplastic cells

A

HPV –> cervical cancer

42
Q

mechanisms for evading host cell (4)

A
  1. replicating inside host cell, to avoid the immune cells in blood
  2. intracellular bridges to infect neighboring cells
  3. Persist in inactive form for long periods of time (latent) ex. HIV, herpes
  4. Gene rearrangements (development of new strains ex. influenza
43
Q

productive v. latent infection

A

a productive infection is one that invades the cell and causes disease immediately

latent infection comes into the cell and lies dormant for an unknown amount of time (with no function) and appears when immune system is weak or time is right

44
Q

4 groups of protozoans

A
  1. amoebas
  2. flagellates
  3. ciliates
  4. sporozoans

classification based on movement

45
Q

amoebas

A

movement via pseudopods

entamoeba histolytic (amoebosis)

46
Q

Sporozoans

A

movement via gliding

plasmodium falciparum (malaria)

47
Q

Flagellates

A

giardia lambilia (giardia)

movement via whip like tail

48
Q

cilliates

A

movement via cilia (hair like)

balantidium coli

49
Q

Life cycle stages of protozoan

A

trophozoite

cyst

50
Q

trophozoite

A

MOTILE

feeding, reproducing, can be seen by immune system

sensitive to environment

51
Q

cyst

A

NON MOTILE

non metabolizing, non reproducing

survives well in environment outside of host
involved in transmission

52
Q

Most common cause of disease in developing world

A

helminths

53
Q

Host req. of helminths

A

helminths req. 2 hosts:

definitive and intermediary

54
Q

life cycle of helminths

A
  1. egg
  2. larvae
  3. adult
55
Q

detection method for helminths

A

O&P

56
Q

O & P

A

examines the stool for ova (egg) and parasite (larva and adult)

57
Q

2 groups of helminths

A

flatworms (segmented)

Nematodes (nofsegmented)

58
Q

2 groups of flatworms

A

tapeworms

flukes

59
Q

tapeworms

A

scolex with flat body and multiple segments

suckers on head attach to host, tail produces eggs that are shed

60
Q

ex. of tapeworms

A

taenia sodium

taneisis via raw pork

61
Q

Flukes

A

not common in the US
found in tropical areas (southeast asia)

often found in blood

62
Q

ex. of fluke disorder

A

Schistosoma- schistomyesis
river rash

flukes climb in, irritation at entry point

63
Q

nematodes

A

round body with complete digestive tract

nofsegmented

separate sexes (lg. females)

64
Q

intestinal nematodes

A

enteobius/pinworm
ascaris/great roundworm
ancylohstoma/lesser roundworm
strongyloids/hookworm

65
Q

cell walls of fungi contain (3)

A

ergosterol
chitin
polysaccharides

66
Q

target of anti fungal medication

A

ergosterol

in our cells we have cholesterol, so anti fungal targets this

67
Q

how do fungi proliferate

A

mostly asexually

budding
hyphae
spore formation

68
Q

prep used for fungi

A

KOH

eliminates all cell debris but fungal cell wall

69
Q

metabolism of fungi

A

either obligate or facultative aerobes

ALL req . carbon

70
Q

forms of fungi

A
  1. yeast
  2. mold
  3. dimorphic
71
Q

yeast

A

form round or ovoid cells

reproduces via budding

candida, cryptococcus

72
Q

mold

A

tubular structures (hyphae) that grow by extension

aspergillus, zygomycetes

73
Q

Dimorphic

A

either yeast or mold depending on environment

histoplasma, coccidioides, blastomyces

74
Q

condia

A

asexual spores that fungi use to reproduce

4 types:

  1. arthrospores
  2. chlamydospores
  3. blastospore
  4. sporangiospore
75
Q

arthrospores

A

fragmentation at ends of hyphae

76
Q

chlamydospores

A

rounded, thick walled

candidia

77
Q

blastospores

A

formed by budding of yeasts

78
Q

sporangiospores

A

formed within sac on stalk by molds

79
Q

bacterial genome

A

single chromosome of circular DNA

found in nucleoid

80
Q

reproduction method of bacteria

A

binary fission

one parent cell produces two daughter cells

81
Q

doubling time

A

the amount of time it takes for one parent cell to divide into two

depends on bacteria

e. coli = short, 18 min
myco. leprae = longest

82
Q

what element is req. for growth of bacteria?

A

iron

essential for cytochromes and other enzymes

83
Q

energy source of bacteria

A

fermentation of sugars into lactate or pyretic acid

can be used to identify strain

84
Q

how do bacteria cause disease?

A

production of toxins (endo- or exo-) or by induction of inflammation

85
Q

smallest bacterium

A

mycoplasm

size of lgst. virus

86
Q

classification of bacteria based on what: (3)

A

response to oxygen

morphology

cell wall

87
Q

classification of bacteria based on oxygen/examples

3

A

obligate probes/m. tuberculosis
facultative anaerobes/e.coli
obligate anaerobes/clostridium tetani

88
Q

classification based on morphology (4)

A

cocci (spheres)
bacilli (rods)
spirochetes (spiral)
pleomorphic

89
Q

arrangements of bacteria (3)

A

streptococci – chain
staphylococci – grape like cluster
diplococci – paired

90
Q

what composes the cell wall of bacteria?

A

peptidoglycan

ONLY in bacteria

91
Q

which bacteria doesn’t have peptidoglycan?

A

mycoplasm

92
Q

peptidoglycan

A

sugar backbone with peptide side chains

cross linked by transpeptidase

93
Q

transpeptidase

A

crosslinks the glycan and peptide in peptidoglycan

target of antibiotics like penicillin

94
Q

gram +

A

THICK peptidoglycan

techie acid fibers

dyed blue, purple

95
Q

gram -

A

THIN peptidoglycan

LPS layer –> endotoxin

periplasmic space

stains pink/red

96
Q

periplasmic space and antibiotics

A

only in Gram -

has B-lactamase enzymes that degrade the b-lactam drugs

97
Q

list of bacterium that won’t show up on gram stain:

A 
Mycobacterium
treponema pallidium
mycoplasma pneumonia
legionella pneumophilia
chlamydiae/rickettsiae
98
Q

why won’t it gram stain, alternative?

mycobacterium

A

high lipid in cell wall

acid fast stain

99
Q

why won’t it gram stain, alternative?

treponema pallidum

A

too thin to see

dark field microscopy

100
Q

why won’t it gram stain, alternative?

mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

no cell wall bc very small

101
Q

why won’t it gram stain, alternative?

legionella

A

doesn’t take up the red stain

102
Q

why won’t it gram stain, alternative?

chlamydiae/rickettsia

A

intracellular, very small

giemsa stain

KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions