Neurology

Question 1

What are the three regions of the esophagus?

Answer 1

1. ) Cervical
2. ) Thoracic (between T1 and the Esophageal Hiatus of the Thoracic Diaphragm, travels through the posterior mediastinum)
3. ) Abdominal

Question 2

4 constrictions of the esophagus

Answer 2

1. ) Cricopharyngeus M. (referred to as the upper esophageal sphincter)
2. ) Aortic Arch
3. ) Left Bronchus
4. ) Esophageal Hiatus of the Thoracic Diaphragm (lower esophageal sphincter)

Question 3

The phrenic nerve is found between which two structures?

Answer 3

The fibrous pericardium and the mediastinal parietal pleura

Question 4

What are the atypical intercostal nerves?

Answer 4

1-2, 7-11

Question 5

Why is the 1st intercostal nerve atypical?

Answer 5

Because it joins with the brachial plexus

Question 6

Why is the 2nd intercostal nerve atypical?

Answer 6

Because the lateral cutaneous branch becomes the intercostobrachial N.

Question 7

Why are the 7th-11th intercostal nerves atypical?

Answer 7

They wrap around the ribs and transition over the abdomen to become thoracoabdominal nerves

Question 8

Is vasoconstriction sympathetically or parasympathetically stimulated? What is the exception?

Answer 8

Sympathetically, except in the coronary arteries.

Question 9

Is glandular secretion sympathetically or parasympathetically stimulated? What is the exception?

Answer 9

Parasympathetically. Sweat glands are sympathetically stimulated.

Question 10

What is the other name for the sympathetic division?

Answer 10

Thoracolumbar T1-L2

Question 11

What is another name for pre-synaptic?

Answer 11

Pre-ganglionic

Question 12

What is another name for post-synaptic?

Answer 12

Post-ganglionic

Question 13

What cranial nerves are involved in parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 13

3, 7, 9, 10

Question 14

What are all the branches from the vagus n? (5)

Answer 14

1. ) Superior cardiac branch
2. ) Middle cardiac branch
3. ) Inferior cardiac branch
4. ) Pulmonary branches
5. ) Esophageal branches

Question 15

Is the pulmonary plexus mixed? What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs?

Answer 15

Yes.

Sympathetic: Pulmonary splanchnic nerves

Parasympathetic: Pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve

Question 16

Is the cardiac plexus mixed? What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs?

Answer 16

Yes.

Sympathetic: Cardiac Splanchnic nerves

Parasympathetic: Superior, middle, and inferior branches of the vagus nerve

Question 17

Is the aortic plexus mixed?

Answer 17

Yes.

Question 18

Is the esophageal plexus mixed? What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs?

Answer 18

Yes.

Sympathetic: Greater Splanchnic nerves and aortic plexus

Parasympathetic: esophageal branches of the vagus nerve