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Internal Medicine > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitter that is decreased in Huntington’s dementia and Alzheimer’s dementia

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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2
Q

Neurotransmitter found in locus ceruleus of pons

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter found in the substantia nigra

A

DOPAMINE

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter found in the median raphe of the brainstem

A

SEROTONIN

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5
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter found in spinal interneurons

A

GLYCINE

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6
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain

A

GABA

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7
Q

Output pathway from reward and punishment centers, lesions here will produce anterograde amnesia

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

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8
Q

Helps search memory storehouses, lesions here will produce retrograde amnesia

A

THALAMUS

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9
Q

Cranial nerve for general sensation (e.g. pain) of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

CN V

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10
Q

Highly characteristic of posterior fossa brain tumors

A

VOMITING THAT PRECEDES HEADACHE

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11
Q

Dominant symptom in temporal (giant cell) arteritis

A

HEADACHE

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12
Q

Most common primary headache syndrome

A

MIGRAINE, TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE, AND CLUSTER HEADACHE

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13
Q

Key pathway for pain in migraine

A

TIGEMINOVASCULAR INPUT FROM THE MENINGEAL VESSELS

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14
Q

Most disabling headache

A

MIGRAINE

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15
Q

Mainstay of pharmacologic treatment in migraine

A

JUDICIOUS USE OF ONE OR MORE DRUGS THAT ARE EFFECTIVE IN MIGRAINE

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16
Q

Most important factor in selection of the optimal regimen for a migraine patient

A

SEVEREITY OF THE ATTACK

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17
Q

Most efficacious of the triptans

A

RIZATRIPTAN AND ELETRIPTAN

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18
Q

Core feature of cluster headache

A

PERIODICITY

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19
Q

Most satisfactory treatment in cluster headache

A

ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO PREVENT CLUSTER ATTACKS UNTIL THE BOUT IS OVER

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20
Q

Most serious cause of secondary headache

A

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

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21
Q

Classic headache associated with a brain tumor

A

MORE EVIDENT IN THE MORNING AND IMPROVES DURING THE DAY

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22
Q

Preferred diagnostic test for any patient suspected of having a brain tumor

A

CRANIAL MRI and should be performed with gadolinium contrast administration

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23
Q

The only test necessary to diagnose a brain tumor

A

NEUROIMAGING

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24
Q

Glucocorticoid of choice for brain tumors because of its relatively low mineralocorticoid activity

A

DEXAMETHASONE

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25
Q

Most common primary brain tumor of childhood

A

GRADE 1 ASTROCYTOMAS: PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMAS

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26
Q

Most common primary brain tumor overall

A

MENINGIOMAS

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27
Q

Most common malignant brain tumor of childhood

A

MEDULLOBLASTOMAS

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28
Q

Most common malignant tumor overall

A

GRADE IV ASTROCYTOMA (GLIOBLASTOMA)

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29
Q

Meningiomas are most commonly located ove the

A

CEREBRAL CONVEXITIES

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30
Q

Main differential diagnosis of meningioma

A

DURAL METASTASIS

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31
Q

Most common schwannomas

A

VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMAS OR ACOUSTIC NEUROMAS

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32
Q

Most common site of brain metastases

A

GRAY MATTER-WHITE MATTER JUNCTION

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33
Q

85% opf all brain metastases are

A

SUPRATENTORIAL

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34
Q

Most common sources of brain metastases

A

LUNG AND BREAST CANCER

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35
Q

Malignancy with greatest propensity for brain metastasis, found in 80% of patients at autopsy

A

MELANOMA

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36
Q

Malignancies with propensity to metastasize to the dura and can mimic meningioma

A

PROSTATE AND BREAST CANCER

37
Q

Arises in prostate and breast cancer, which have strong propensity to metastasize to axial skeleton

A

SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION

38
Q

Braion metastases are best visualized on

A

MRI

39
Q

3 Cancers with greatest propensity to bleed

A

MELANOMA, THYROID, KIDNEY CANCER

40
Q

Most common cause of hemorrhagic metastasis

A

LUNG CANCER

41
Q

Most common among hematologic malignancies ti metastasize to the subarachnoid space

A

ACUTE LEUKEMIA

42
Q

3 Solid tumors that most frequently cause leptomeningeal metastases

A

BREAST, LUNG, MELANOMA

43
Q

Definitive method and often considered the gold standard to diagnose leptomeningeal metastases

A

DEMONSTRATION OF TUMOR CELLS IN CSF

44
Q

CSF cytologic examination is most useful in what malignancies

A

HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES

45
Q

Part of the spine affected most commonly in epidural metastasis

A

THORACIC SPIN > LUMBAR > CERVICAL

46
Q

Presenting symptom of epidural metastasis in virtually all patients

A

BACK PAIN

47
Q

Best test for epidural metastasis

A

MRI OF THE COMPLETE SPINE

48
Q

Surgical procedure of choice for epidural metastasis

A

COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE MASS, TYPICALLY ANTERIOR TO THE SPINAL CANAL

49
Q

Standard treatment for brain metastases

A

WHOLE-BRAIN RADIOTHERAPY

50
Q

Most serious toxicity from radiotherapy as they are often irreversible

A

LATE DELAYED TOXICITY

51
Q

Complication seen most commonly after whole-brain radiotherapy

A

LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY

52
Q

Second only to myelosuppression as dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents

A

NEUROTOXICITY

53
Q

Most common form of suppurative CNS infection

A

BACTERIAL MENINGITIS

54
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in adults > 20 years

A

S.PNEUMONIAE

55
Q

Important clue to diagnosis of meningococcal infection

A

PETECHIAL OR PURPURIC SKIN LESIONS

56
Q

Most disastrous complication of increased ICP

A

CEREBRAL HERNIATION

57
Q

2 most common etiologic organisms of community-acquired bacterial meningitis

A

S. PNEUMONIASE AND N. MENINGITIDES

58
Q

Most common symptom of brain abscess

A

HEADACHE

59
Q

Most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in developed countries

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

60
Q

Most common diabetic mononeuropathies

A

MEDIAN NEUROPATHY AT THE WRIST AND ULNAR NEUROPATHY AT THE ELBOW

61
Q

Most common cranial mononeuropathies in DM

A

CNVII > III > VI > IV

62
Q

Most common cranial mononeuropathies in scleroderma

A

TRIGEMINAL NERVE

63
Q

Most common cranial nerve involved in sarcoidosis

A

VII

64
Q

Most common mononeuropathies in uremia

A

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

65
Q

Most common form of peripheral neuropathy associated with HIV infection and usually seen in patients with AIDS

A

DISTAL SYMMETRIC POLYNEUROPATHY

66
Q

Most common associated malignancy with neuropathies

A

LUNG CANCER

67
Q

2 Most common causes of acute generalized weakness leading to admission to ICU

A

GBS AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

68
Q

Manifests as a rapidly evolving areflexic motor paralysis with or without sensory disturbance, associated with Campylobacter jejuni found in undercooked chicken

A

GBS

69
Q

Most common cause of familial parkinson’s disease

A

MUTATION OF THE LRRK2 GENE

70
Q

Most common cause of secondary parkinsonism

A

DOPAMINE BLOCKING AGENTS

71
Q

Mainstay of therapy of Parkinson Disease

A

LEVODOPA-CARBIDOPA

72
Q

Major clinical effect of central-acting anticholinergic drugs

A

TREMORS

73
Q

Most widely used antidyskinesia agent in patients with advanced PD and the only oral agent that has been demonstrated in controlled studies to reduce dyskinesia

A

AMANTADINE

74
Q

Most common cause of nursing home placement in PD patients

A

DEMENTIA

75
Q

Most common movement disorder

A

ESSENTIAL TREMOR

76
Q

Major differentials for tremors

A

DYSTONIC TREMOR OR PD

77
Q

Standard drug therapies for essential tremors

A

BETA BLOCKERS OR PRIMIDONE

78
Q

Most common forms of dystonia

A

FOCAL DYSTONIAS

79
Q

Most commonly seen with neuroleptic drugs or after chronic levodopa treatment in PD patients

A

DRUG-INDUCED DYSTONIA

80
Q

Most common systemic disorder that causes chorea

A

SLE

81
Q

Most common acute hyperkinetic drug reaction

A

DYSTONIA

82
Q

Most common subacute drug reaction

A

AKATHISIA

83
Q

Gold standard for diagnosis of Wilson’s disease

A

LIVER BIOPSY

84
Q

Most common psychogenic movement disorder

A

TREMOR AFFECTING THE UPPER LIMBS

85
Q

Date rape drug

A

FLUNITRAZEPAM

86
Q

Non-sedating anti-anxiety

A

BUSPIRONE

87
Q

Fomepizole inhibits what enzyme?

A

ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE

88
Q

Disulfiram inhibits what enzyme?

A

ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE

Internal Medicine (8 decks)

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