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Internal Medicine > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

IBW for male and female

A

Male = 106 lbs + (6 lbs per inch over 5 feet)

Female = 100 lbs + (5 lbs per inch over 5 feet)

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2
Q

Most accepted and unifying hypothesis in metabolic syndrome

A

Insulin resistance

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3
Q

An excellent marker of insulin resistance

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

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4
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia

A

> /= 150 mg/dL

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5
Q

Recommended daily protein allowance of patients with diabetic kidney disease

A

0.8 g/kg/day

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6
Q

Most common precipitating factor for hyperglycemic crises in diabetes

A

Infection

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7
Q

Plasma glucose in hyperosmotic hyperglycemic state

A

> 600

In T2DM

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8
Q

Most common underlying etiology of foot ulceration

A

Neuropathy

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9
Q

Hypoglycemia

A
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10
Q

Treatment of choice for hyperfunctioning solitary nodule or toxic adenoma

A

Radioiodine ablation

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11
Q

Burch and Wartofsky’s score which indicates unlikely thyroid storm

A
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12
Q

Burch and Wartofsky’s score which indicates impending thyroid storm

A

25-44

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13
Q

Burch and Wartofsky’s score which is highly suggestive of thyroid storm

A

> 45

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14
Q

Beta blocker that decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3

A

Propranolol

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15
Q

Symptoms of faintness with facial congestion and external jugular venous obstruction when arms are raised above the head that is seen in DNTG patients

A

Pemberton’s sign

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16
Q

Given to DNTG to suppress the TSH into the low-normal range

A

Levothyroxine

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17
Q

Gold standard diagnostic for osteoporosis

A

Dual-energy d-ray absorptiometry

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18
Q

3 organs involved in MEN1

A

Parathyroid
Pancreas
Pituitary

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19
Q

Clinical hallmark of mineralocorticoid excess

A

Hypokalemic hypertension

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20
Q

In TRH test, TRH will cause an _______ in the level of prolactin

A

Increase

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21
Q

In Metyrapone test, metyrapone will cause a ________ in cortisol and, a _______ in ACTH

A

Decrease, increase

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22
Q

Most common 2nd messenger system

A

cAMP system (e.g glucagon)

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23
Q

2nd messenger system for insulin

A

Tyrosine kinase

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24
Q

2nd messenger system for TH

A

None (acts like a steroid hormone)

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25
Q

4 hormones derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

A

MSH
ACT
B-lipoprotein
B-endorphin

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26
Q

Other name for GH

A

Somatotropin

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27
Q

Other name for IGF-1

A

Somatomedin

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28
Q

Antagonizes prolactin

A

Dopamine

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29
Q

Main site of ADH/vasopressin synthesis

A

Supraoptic nuclei of anterior hypothalamus

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30
Q

Main site of oxytocin synthesis

A

Paraventricular nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus

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31
Q

Effect of insulin to potassium

A

Increased potassium uptake in muscles and adipose — decrease serum potassium

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32
Q

Responsible for the compressional strength of the bone

A

Bone salts

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33
Q

Site of sperm formation

A

Seminiferous tubules

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34
Q

Site of sperm motility

A

Epididymis

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35
Q

Site of sperm storage

A

Vas deferens

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36
Q

Contributes to semen alkalinity

A

Prostate gland

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37
Q

Supplies mucous to semen for lubrication

A

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s)

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38
Q

Most common functioning pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

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39
Q

Second most common pituitary adenoma

A

Somatotroph adenoma

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40
Q

Headach, diplopia, and hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary apoplexy

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41
Q

Hurthle cells in a thyroid mass

A

Follicular thyroid CA

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42
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas

A

Hashimoto

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43
Q

Chronic inflammatory infiltrate of the thyroid gland with multinucleate giant cells

A

Subacute thyroiditis

44
Q

Most common cause of painful thyroid gland; associated with viral infection

A

De quervain’s thyroiditis

45
Q

Condition where normal thyroid tissues are replaced by fibrous tissue; usually associated with sclerosing mediastinitis

A

Reidel thyroiditis

46
Q

Difficult to treat hypertension associated with hypokalemia

A

Hyperaldosteronism

47
Q

Adrenals are covered to sacs of clotted blood, which virtually obscures the underlying detail

A

Waterhous-Friedrichsen syndrome

48
Q

Most common presentation or tropic hormone failure in childhood

A

Growth retardation

49
Q

Earliest symptom of tropic hormone failure in the adult

A

Hypogonadism

50
Q

Most common cause of hypopituitarism in children associated with WNT signaling pathway

A

Craniopharyngioma

51
Q

Most common cause of pituitary hormone hypersecretion and hyposecretion syndromes in adults

A

Pituitary adenoma

52
Q

Cut-off size for pituitary microadenoma

A
53
Q

Early sign of optic tract pressure

A

Loss of red perception

54
Q

Surgical approach for most pituitary tumors

A

Transphenoidal surgery

55
Q

Treatment of choice for prolactinomas

A

Dopamine agonist

56
Q

Most abundant anterior pituitary hormone

A

GH

57
Q

Major source of circulating IGF-1

A

Liver

58
Q

Most-validated test to distinguish pituitary-sufficient patients from AGHD

A

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia

59
Q

Most common cause of GHRH-mediated acromegaly

A

Chest or abdominal carcinoid tumor

60
Q

Most significant cause or mortality in patients witb acromegaly

A

Cardiovascular

61
Q

Provides a useful screening measure when clinical features raise the possibility of acromegaly

A

IGF-1 level

62
Q

Drug thag acts by competitive inhibition of GH

A

Pegvisomant

63
Q

Most common cause of Cushingoif features

A

Iatrogenic hypercortisolism

64
Q

Primary cause of death in Cushing’s syndrome

A

Cardiovascular

65
Q

Precise and cost-effective screening test for Cushing’s syndrome

A

Measuremenf or 24-h urine free cortisol

66
Q

Origin of most nonfunctioning adenomas

A

Gonadotrope cells

67
Q

Differentiates central and nephrogenic DI

A

Water deprivation test

68
Q

Subunit unique to TSH

A

Beta subunit

69
Q

Critical first step in thyroid hormone synthesis

A

Iodine uptake

70
Q

Most common cause of preventable mental retardation

A

Iodine deficiency

71
Q

There is no convincing evidence for a role of infection in autoimmune hypothyroidism except

A

Congenital rubella syndrome

72
Q

Thyroid cell destruction in autoimmune thyroiditis is primarily mediated by

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

73
Q

Indication for external warming of hypothermia in myxedema

A

Temp of

74
Q

Most frequent site of thyroid dermopathy

A

Antetior and lateral aspects of the lower leg ( pretibial myxedema)

75
Q

Time of major tisk for relapse of Graves disease in pregnancy

A

Postpartum

76
Q

Duration of carbimazole or methimazole-free period prior to RAI

A

At least 2 days

77
Q

Duration of PTU-free period prior to RAI

A

Several weeks prior

78
Q

Most common cause of acute thyroiditis in children and young adults

A

Presence of pyriform sinus

79
Q

Most common malignancy of the endocrine system

A

Thyroid CA

80
Q

2 Oral agents with established efficacy in Cushings syndrome

A

Metyrapone and ketoconazole

81
Q

Most common cause of mineralocorticoid excess

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)

82
Q

Most straightforward test for primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Saline infusion test

83
Q

Most common histopathological classification for adrenocortical carcinoma

A

Weiss score

84
Q

Site of metastasis in adrenocortical carcinoma

A

Liver and lung

85
Q

Characterized by the loss of both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid secretion

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency

86
Q

Characterized by the loss of only glucocorticoid secretion; no mineralocorticoid deficiency

A

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

87
Q

Distinguishing feature of primary AI

A

Hyperpigmentation

88
Q

Diagnosis of AI is established by

A

Short cosyntropin test

89
Q

Classic triad of pheochromocytoma

A

Palpitations
Headache
Profuse sweating

90
Q

First described pheochromocytoma-associated syndrome

A

NF1

91
Q

Sites of DXA determination in osteoporosis

A

Lumbar spine and hip

92
Q

Calcium supplement best taken with food

A

Calcium carbonate

93
Q

Calcium supplement that can be taken anytime

A

Calcium citrate

94
Q

SERM approved for the prevention and treatmenf of osteoporosis

A

Raloxifene

95
Q

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is found mostly in cancer patients given high doses of

A

Zoledronic acid or pamidronate

96
Q

First bisphosphonate to be approved, initially for use in Paget’s disease and hypercalcemia

A

Etidronate

97
Q

Fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL

A

Denosumab

98
Q

Glucose level that stimulates the synthesis of insulin

A

> 70 mg/dl

99
Q

Most poent incretin

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1

100
Q

Extremely serious complication of DKA seen in children

A

Cerebral edema

101
Q

Measurememt of glycated albumin that reflects glycemic status over the prior 2 weeks

A

Fructosamine assay

102
Q

Major toxicity of metformin

A

Lactic acidosis

103
Q

Retinal vascular microaneurysms, blot hemorrhages and cotton wool spots

A

Non-proliferative DM retinopathy

104
Q

Duration of DM in patients with non-proliferative retinopathy

A

> 20 years

105
Q

Treatment of proliferative retinopathy

A

Panretinal laser photocoagulation

Internal Medicine (8 decks)

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