Endocrinology Flashcards
IBW for male and female
Male = 106 lbs + (6 lbs per inch over 5 feet)
Female = 100 lbs + (5 lbs per inch over 5 feet)
Most accepted and unifying hypothesis in metabolic syndrome
Insulin resistance
An excellent marker of insulin resistance
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
> /= 150 mg/dL
Recommended daily protein allowance of patients with diabetic kidney disease
0.8 g/kg/day
Most common precipitating factor for hyperglycemic crises in diabetes
Infection
Plasma glucose in hyperosmotic hyperglycemic state
> 600
In T2DM
Most common underlying etiology of foot ulceration
Neuropathy
Hypoglycemia
Treatment of choice for hyperfunctioning solitary nodule or toxic adenoma
Radioiodine ablation
Burch and Wartofsky’s score which indicates unlikely thyroid storm
Burch and Wartofsky’s score which indicates impending thyroid storm
25-44
Burch and Wartofsky’s score which is highly suggestive of thyroid storm
> 45
Beta blocker that decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
Propranolol
Symptoms of faintness with facial congestion and external jugular venous obstruction when arms are raised above the head that is seen in DNTG patients
Pemberton’s sign
Given to DNTG to suppress the TSH into the low-normal range
Levothyroxine
Gold standard diagnostic for osteoporosis
Dual-energy d-ray absorptiometry
3 organs involved in MEN1
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Pituitary
Clinical hallmark of mineralocorticoid excess
Hypokalemic hypertension
In TRH test, TRH will cause an _______ in the level of prolactin
Increase
In Metyrapone test, metyrapone will cause a ________ in cortisol and, a _______ in ACTH
Decrease, increase
Most common 2nd messenger system
cAMP system (e.g glucagon)
2nd messenger system for insulin
Tyrosine kinase
2nd messenger system for TH
None (acts like a steroid hormone)
4 hormones derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
MSH
ACT
B-lipoprotein
B-endorphin
Other name for GH
Somatotropin
Other name for IGF-1
Somatomedin
Antagonizes prolactin
Dopamine
Main site of ADH/vasopressin synthesis
Supraoptic nuclei of anterior hypothalamus
Main site of oxytocin synthesis
Paraventricular nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus
Effect of insulin to potassium
Increased potassium uptake in muscles and adipose — decrease serum potassium
Responsible for the compressional strength of the bone
Bone salts
Site of sperm formation
Seminiferous tubules
Site of sperm motility
Epididymis
Site of sperm storage
Vas deferens
Contributes to semen alkalinity
Prostate gland
Supplies mucous to semen for lubrication
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s)
Most common functioning pituitary adenoma
Prolactinoma
Second most common pituitary adenoma
Somatotroph adenoma
Headach, diplopia, and hypopituitarism
Pituitary apoplexy
Hurthle cells in a thyroid mass
Follicular thyroid CA
Most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas
Hashimoto
Chronic inflammatory infiltrate of the thyroid gland with multinucleate giant cells
Subacute thyroiditis
Most common cause of painful thyroid gland; associated with viral infection
De quervain’s thyroiditis
Condition where normal thyroid tissues are replaced by fibrous tissue; usually associated with sclerosing mediastinitis
Reidel thyroiditis
Difficult to treat hypertension associated with hypokalemia
Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenals are covered to sacs of clotted blood, which virtually obscures the underlying detail
Waterhous-Friedrichsen syndrome
Most common presentation or tropic hormone failure in childhood
Growth retardation
Earliest symptom of tropic hormone failure in the adult
Hypogonadism
Most common cause of hypopituitarism in children associated with WNT signaling pathway
Craniopharyngioma
Most common cause of pituitary hormone hypersecretion and hyposecretion syndromes in adults
Pituitary adenoma
Cut-off size for pituitary microadenoma
Early sign of optic tract pressure
Loss of red perception
Surgical approach for most pituitary tumors
Transphenoidal surgery
Treatment of choice for prolactinomas
Dopamine agonist
Most abundant anterior pituitary hormone
GH
Major source of circulating IGF-1
Liver
Most-validated test to distinguish pituitary-sufficient patients from AGHD
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia
Most common cause of GHRH-mediated acromegaly
Chest or abdominal carcinoid tumor
Most significant cause or mortality in patients witb acromegaly
Cardiovascular
Provides a useful screening measure when clinical features raise the possibility of acromegaly
IGF-1 level
Drug thag acts by competitive inhibition of GH
Pegvisomant
Most common cause of Cushingoif features
Iatrogenic hypercortisolism
Primary cause of death in Cushing’s syndrome
Cardiovascular
Precise and cost-effective screening test for Cushing’s syndrome
Measuremenf or 24-h urine free cortisol
Origin of most nonfunctioning adenomas
Gonadotrope cells
Differentiates central and nephrogenic DI
Water deprivation test
Subunit unique to TSH
Beta subunit
Critical first step in thyroid hormone synthesis
Iodine uptake
Most common cause of preventable mental retardation
Iodine deficiency
There is no convincing evidence for a role of infection in autoimmune hypothyroidism except
Congenital rubella syndrome
Thyroid cell destruction in autoimmune thyroiditis is primarily mediated by
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Indication for external warming of hypothermia in myxedema
Temp of
Most frequent site of thyroid dermopathy
Antetior and lateral aspects of the lower leg ( pretibial myxedema)
Time of major tisk for relapse of Graves disease in pregnancy
Postpartum
Duration of carbimazole or methimazole-free period prior to RAI
At least 2 days
Duration of PTU-free period prior to RAI
Several weeks prior
Most common cause of acute thyroiditis in children and young adults
Presence of pyriform sinus
Most common malignancy of the endocrine system
Thyroid CA
2 Oral agents with established efficacy in Cushings syndrome
Metyrapone and ketoconazole
Most common cause of mineralocorticoid excess
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)
Most straightforward test for primary hyperaldosteronism
Saline infusion test
Most common histopathological classification for adrenocortical carcinoma
Weiss score
Site of metastasis in adrenocortical carcinoma
Liver and lung
Characterized by the loss of both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid secretion
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Characterized by the loss of only glucocorticoid secretion; no mineralocorticoid deficiency
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
Distinguishing feature of primary AI
Hyperpigmentation
Diagnosis of AI is established by
Short cosyntropin test
Classic triad of pheochromocytoma
Palpitations
Headache
Profuse sweating
First described pheochromocytoma-associated syndrome
NF1
Sites of DXA determination in osteoporosis
Lumbar spine and hip
Calcium supplement best taken with food
Calcium carbonate
Calcium supplement that can be taken anytime
Calcium citrate
SERM approved for the prevention and treatmenf of osteoporosis
Raloxifene
Osteonecrosis of the jaw is found mostly in cancer patients given high doses of
Zoledronic acid or pamidronate
First bisphosphonate to be approved, initially for use in Paget’s disease and hypercalcemia
Etidronate
Fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL
Denosumab
Glucose level that stimulates the synthesis of insulin
> 70 mg/dl
Most poent incretin
Glucagon-like peptide 1
Extremely serious complication of DKA seen in children
Cerebral edema
Measurememt of glycated albumin that reflects glycemic status over the prior 2 weeks
Fructosamine assay
Major toxicity of metformin
Lactic acidosis
Retinal vascular microaneurysms, blot hemorrhages and cotton wool spots
Non-proliferative DM retinopathy
Duration of DM in patients with non-proliferative retinopathy
> 20 years
Treatment of proliferative retinopathy
Panretinal laser photocoagulation
