Neurology

Question 1

Consciousness is understood as an ability of an individual to identify self in three dimensions, namely ____________

Answer 1

Who am I? Where am I? What time is it now?

Question 2

The level of consciousness is considered intact if an individual is able to _____________

Consciousness has two important components: ____ and _____. Describe each of them

Answer 2

perceive and respond on internal and external stimuli

level of alertness (alert, confusion, stupor, delirium, coma)

content (short and long memory, judgment, abstract thinking, ability to read, calculate, draw simple designs)

Question 3

_______ reflex is always checked to determine level of consciousness. The sensory part of this reflex is accomplished via ______ and the motor component of this reflex is accomplished via ______

Answer 3

Pupillary and accomodation

CN II

CN III

Question 4

The sensory component of the corneal reflex is accomplished by _____ and the motor response if accomplished by ______

Answer 4

CN V

CN VII

Question 5

The sensory component of the gag reflex is accomplished by _____ and the motor response if accomplished by ______

Answer 5

CN IX

CN X

Question 6

Posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to ______. These areas are responsible for ________

Answer 6

occipital lobes of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

vision, vital centers, maintenance of equilibrium

Question 7

Middle cerebral arteries supply ________. These areas are responsible for ________

Answer 7

lateral parts of cerebrum

function of upper part of trunk and upper extremities, speech areas of the brain

Question 8

The most commonly affected arteries in stroke are ________

Answer 8

middle cerebral arteries

Question 9

________ arteries as the origin of middle cerebral arteries are climbing to the Circle of Willis via _____.

Answer 9

Internal carotid

cavernous sinuses

Question 10

Anterior cerebral arteries supply _______. Their injury will reflect on dysfunction of _________

Answer 10

superior parts of brain and diencephalon

lower trunk, lower extremities and diencephalon

Question 11

The types of CVA are ________. 90% of CVA is ____ in nature.

Answer 11

ischemic (embolic), hemorrhagic

ischemic

Question 12

The major etiology of ischemic stroke is _______ in combination with ________

Answer 12

systemic arterial hypertension

atherosclerosis and thrombosis

Question 13

Hemorrhagic stroke might be caused by ________

Answer 13

malignant arterial hypertension associated with aneurysms within the Circle of Willis or trauma

Question 14

In CVA where upper motor neurons are damaged, the spinal reflexes will be _______, Babinski’s reflex will be _______, the muscles will be ______ on _____ side, and the muscles will __________

Answer 14

exaggerated

present

spastic

affected (contra-lateral)

fasciculate

Question 15

In Lower Motor Neuronal Injury, the spinal reflexes will be ________, and muscles will be _________ on ______ side of the body.

Answer 15

diminished/absent

weaker

contra-lateral

Question 16

LMNs are situated in ________ of the spinal cord

Answer 16

ventral horns

Question 17

Epidural hemorrhage/hematoma is aka _________. It occurs mostly as a result of trauma to _______, which are superficially located in the ___________

Answer 17

Talk and Die syndrome

meningeal arteries

grooves of the skull above Dura

Question 18

Subdural hemorrhage/hematoma is usually a result of ______. It occurs from injured _______ within _______. Patients may present with complaints of ________

Answer 18

trauma

veins of brain

subdural space

chronic headaches increasing in severity

Question 19

Subarachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma is a result of ________. It usually presents with ___________

Answer 19

trauma or spontaneous bleeding from the Circle of Willis

the worst headache of one’s life

Question 20

Hydrocephalus results in ___________. Non-communicating hydrocephalus is mostly present as a ________. Communicating hydrocephalus is most common in _________ as a degeneration of ___________

Answer 20

motor and sensory deficit, dementia in adults,

congenital malformation, adhesions due to meningitis or meningo-encephalitis

geriatric population

arachnoid granulations

Question 21

Dementia is a profound loss of ________. The most common type of dementia is _________. Other causes include ___________.

Answer 21

content of consciousness

Alzheimer’s disease

vascular dementia, post-stroke, Parkinson’s hydrocephalus, brain trauma, some drugs

Question 22

Parkinson’s disease presents with _________

Answer 22

muscular spasticity, rigidity, hypokinesia, bradykinesia, mask-like face, resting tremor

Question 23

Lou Gehrig’s disease is aka _________. The disease manifests as _________ of the motor neurons and the corresponding muscles with complete preservation of ________

Answer 23

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

gradual atrophy

all sensations

Question 24

ALS affecting UMNs results in ____________

ALS affecting LMNs results in __________

Answer 24

spasticity, exaggerated reflexes, fasciculation

flaccidity of muscles, eventually complete paralysis

Question 25

Signs of meningitis include ____________

Answer 25

severe headache, photophobia, Brudzinksi’s sign, Kernig’s sign.

Question 26

Describe quality of CSF in bacterial meningitis

Answer 26

turbid, increased protein, decreased glucose, neutrophilia in blood, increased BP upon CSF withdrawal

Question 27

Primary headaches are due to ________ while secondary headaches are due to _________

Answer 27

idiopathic

hypertension, trauma, increased intra-cranial pressure

Question 28

Cushing’s triad is a set of signs/symptoms indicating ________. Describe the triad

Answer 28

increased intra-cranial pressure

unilateral change of sensations and/or muscle weakness, projectile vomiting, severe headache

Question 29

Signs/symptoms of increased intra-cranial pressure include _______________

Answer 29

uneven pupils as mental status declines, HTN w/ bradychardia, and abnormal respiration

Question 30

PERLA indicates _________

Answer 30

pupils are equal, responsive to light and accomodation

Question 31

Seizures can be caused by ________. Seizures without identifiable cause is __________

Answer 31

hypoxia, alcoholism, DM, febrile disease

epilepsy