Neurology Flashcards
Consciousness is understood as an ability of an individual to identify self in three dimensions, namely ____________
Who am I? Where am I? What time is it now?
The level of consciousness is considered intact if an individual is able to _____________
Consciousness has two important components: ____ and _____. Describe each of them
perceive and respond on internal and external stimuli
level of alertness (alert, confusion, stupor, delirium, coma)
content (short and long memory, judgment, abstract thinking, ability to read, calculate, draw simple designs)
_______ reflex is always checked to determine level of consciousness. The sensory part of this reflex is accomplished via ______ and the motor component of this reflex is accomplished via ______
Pupillary and accomodation
CN II
CN III
The sensory component of the corneal reflex is accomplished by _____ and the motor response if accomplished by ______
CN V
CN VII
The sensory component of the gag reflex is accomplished by _____ and the motor response if accomplished by ______
CN IX
CN X
Posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to ______. These areas are responsible for ________
occipital lobes of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum
vision, vital centers, maintenance of equilibrium
Middle cerebral arteries supply ________. These areas are responsible for ________
lateral parts of cerebrum
function of upper part of trunk and upper extremities, speech areas of the brain
The most commonly affected arteries in stroke are ________
middle cerebral arteries
________ arteries as the origin of middle cerebral arteries are climbing to the Circle of Willis via _____.
Internal carotid
cavernous sinuses
Anterior cerebral arteries supply _______. Their injury will reflect on dysfunction of _________
superior parts of brain and diencephalon
lower trunk, lower extremities and diencephalon
The types of CVA are ________. 90% of CVA is ____ in nature.
ischemic (embolic), hemorrhagic
ischemic
The major etiology of ischemic stroke is _______ in combination with ________
systemic arterial hypertension
atherosclerosis and thrombosis
Hemorrhagic stroke might be caused by ________
malignant arterial hypertension associated with aneurysms within the Circle of Willis or trauma
In CVA where upper motor neurons are damaged, the spinal reflexes will be _______, Babinski’s reflex will be _______, the muscles will be ______ on _____ side, and the muscles will __________
exaggerated
present
spastic
affected (contra-lateral)
fasciculate
In Lower Motor Neuronal Injury, the spinal reflexes will be ________, and muscles will be _________ on ______ side of the body.
diminished/absent
weaker
contra-lateral
LMNs are situated in ________ of the spinal cord
ventral horns
Epidural hemorrhage/hematoma is aka _________. It occurs mostly as a result of trauma to _______, which are superficially located in the ___________
Talk and Die syndrome
meningeal arteries
grooves of the skull above Dura
Subdural hemorrhage/hematoma is usually a result of ______. It occurs from injured _______ within _______. Patients may present with complaints of ________
trauma
veins of brain
subdural space
chronic headaches increasing in severity
Subarachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma is a result of ________. It usually presents with ___________
trauma or spontaneous bleeding from the Circle of Willis
the worst headache of one’s life
Hydrocephalus results in ___________. Non-communicating hydrocephalus is mostly present as a ________. Communicating hydrocephalus is most common in _________ as a degeneration of ___________
motor and sensory deficit, dementia in adults,
congenital malformation, adhesions due to meningitis or meningo-encephalitis
geriatric population
arachnoid granulations
Dementia is a profound loss of ________. The most common type of dementia is _________. Other causes include ___________.
content of consciousness
Alzheimer’s disease
vascular dementia, post-stroke, Parkinson’s hydrocephalus, brain trauma, some drugs
Parkinson’s disease presents with _________
muscular spasticity, rigidity, hypokinesia, bradykinesia, mask-like face, resting tremor
Lou Gehrig’s disease is aka _________. The disease manifests as _________ of the motor neurons and the corresponding muscles with complete preservation of ________
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
gradual atrophy
all sensations
ALS affecting UMNs results in ____________
ALS affecting LMNs results in __________
spasticity, exaggerated reflexes, fasciculation
flaccidity of muscles, eventually complete paralysis
Signs of meningitis include ____________
severe headache, photophobia, Brudzinksi’s sign, Kernig’s sign.
Describe quality of CSF in bacterial meningitis
turbid, increased protein, decreased glucose, neutrophilia in blood, increased BP upon CSF withdrawal
Primary headaches are due to ________ while secondary headaches are due to _________
idiopathic
hypertension, trauma, increased intra-cranial pressure
Cushing’s triad is a set of signs/symptoms indicating ________. Describe the triad
increased intra-cranial pressure
unilateral change of sensations and/or muscle weakness, projectile vomiting, severe headache
Signs/symptoms of increased intra-cranial pressure include _______________
uneven pupils as mental status declines, HTN w/ bradychardia, and abnormal respiration
PERLA indicates _________
pupils are equal, responsive to light and accomodation
Seizures can be caused by ________. Seizures without identifiable cause is __________
hypoxia, alcoholism, DM, febrile disease
epilepsy
