Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology 2 > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

In the cardiac cycle, isovolumetric relaxation is a brief period when volume in ventricle ________ as ventricles ______, pressure ____ and AV valves & semilunar valves are ______

A

does not change
relax
drops
closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the minor criterias for Rheumatic Fever

A

Fever
Arthralgia (joint pain w/o swelling)
Increased : ESR, CRP
ECG showing heart block (prolonged PR interval)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe conduction system of HT

A

SA Node - cluster of autorhthymic cells in right atrium begins HT activity that spreads to both atria, excitation spreads to AV node
AV node transmits signal to AV bundle of His
AV bundle divides into right & left bundle branches & purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The classic sign of pericarditis is a _________. The classic presentation is ___________. Pericarditis can be misdiagnosed as ____ and vice versa

A

friction rub

sharp/stabbing chest pain radiating to the back and relieved by sitting up forward and worsened by lying down

myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

IHD risk increases according to what factors?

A

age, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, family history or IHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the presence of troponin in blood when there is myocardial infarction

A

Troponin is released from actin/myosin complex when cardiac muscle dies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reactive (Dressler’s) pericarditis is due to the following cause:

A

Auto-immune response to myocardial antigens released after myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clinical presentations of LHF are _____________

A

SOB, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, easy fatigue-ability, exercise intolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the difference between chest pain that is ischemic in nature vs. pain that is pericardial in nature.

A

Ischemic pain is a heaving, squeezing pain

Pericardial pain is a stabbing pain, worse in supine position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Buerger’s disease is AKA ___________. It is strongly associated with use of ________

A

Thromboangiitis Obliterans

tobacco products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List common treatments for Rheumatic Fever

A
  • anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin or corticosteroids
  • antibiotics for patients with positive strep throat culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F AF can produce embolic stroke

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The most common congenital heart defect is _________. This condition results in ________ due to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ______ via the ventricular septal defect and through the over-riding aorta. This is known as a _______ shunt

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

low oxygenated blood

left ventricle

right-to-left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pulse pressure is calculated as ____?

A

Difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure (SP-DP).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Atherosclerosis is commonly promoted by ________

It is characterized by the formation of ______, eventually leading to _______

A

sustained hypertension, high level of LDL, low level of HDL in blood plasma

multiple plaques within the arteries (atheromas)

ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Myocarditis is __________. It often resembles heart attack except that ______________. It is often caused by _____ reaction, triggered by _________. Left untreated, it has the potential to develop into _________ cardiomyopathy

A

inflammation of heart muscle (myocardium)

coronary arteries are not blocked

auto-immune

prior recent infection with streptococcus bacteria or Coxsackie virus

dilated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rheumatic Fever is believed to be caused by _________ and can involve organs/tissues including __________. It is responsible for many cases of damaged _______

A

antibody cross-reactivity with streptococcal antigens

joints, skin, heart, brain

heart valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Abnormal blood flow in congenital heart defects such as patent foramen ovale or patent ductus arteriosis start off as a _______ shunt but then reverse after a few decades.

A

left-to-right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List and describe layers of the heart from exterior to interior

A

epicardium - visceral layer of serous pericardium
myocardium - cardiac muscle layer
endocardium - chamber lining & valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List risk factors associated with aneurysm development

A

diabetes

obesity,

hypertension

tobacco use

alcoholism

copper deficiency

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the _______

A

systolic ejection phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Orthopnea. What cardiovascular disorder does its presence indicate?

A

shortness of breath in the supine position

Left CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rheumatic Fever (RF) may develop after a ______ infection.

A

Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In cardiac output, what can influence the Preload?

A

amount of stretching of cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

________hypertension indicates that the high blood pressure is a result of another condition. List the possible causes.

A

Secondary

1) anatomical cause - coarctation of aorta
2) renal causes - renal artery stenosis, adult polycystic KD disease
3) adrenal causes - Cushing’s syndrome, Cushing’s diease, pheochromocytoma
4) neurogenic / thyroid causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the normal cardiac cycle, the End diastolic volume (EDV) is about ___ml while the End systolic volume (ESV) is about ___ ml. The stroke volume is defined as ______

A

130 ml
60ml
EDV - ESV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T/F AF is most common in the elderly

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

1st degree conduction block shows an extended ____ interval in ECG

A

P-R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
  • males, age, family history, HTN, High total cholesterol, and LDL with low HDL, smoking, diabetes mellitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

List the types of IHD

A

Stable Angina Pectoris

Unstable Angina Pectoris

Prinzmetal Angina

Myocardial Infarction

Sudden Cardiac Death Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe systemic blood circulation

A

left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into aorta
aorta branches into many arteries that travel to organs
arteries branch into arterioles in tissue
arterioles branch into capillaries
deoxygenated blood begins return into venules
venules merge into veins and return to right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How can Rheumetic Fever be prevented?

A
  • long term antibiotic (e.g. long acting penicillin monthly for 5 years)
  • in case of carditis, antibiotic treatment for up to 40 years
  • screening of school-aged children for sore throat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the difference between Stable and Unstable Angina Pectoris

A

Stable Angina Pectoris is ischemic chest pain upon exertion of predictable amount for not more than 15-20 minutes. Unstable Angina Pectoris is ischemic chest pain for not more than 15-20 minutes, occuring either with exertion or at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the difference 1st, 2nd degree conduction block?

A

Rhythm is still sinus but the propagation is delayed from atria to the ventricles

35
Q

In cardiac output, what can influence contractility?

A

autonomic nerves, hormones, CA2+ or K+

36
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by __________ leading to _________

A

genetic factors

thickening of heart muscle

37
Q

The three types of cardiomyopathy are ________. Describe the effect each has on preload and cardiac output./stroke volume

A

dilated cardiomyopathy - increased preload, reduced cardiac output

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - decreased preload, reduced cardiac output

restrictive cardiomyopathy - decreased preload, reduced cardiac output

38
Q

The most frequent site of aneurysm is in the __________. Most non-intracraneal aneurysms arise distal to the origin of the renal arteries at the __________ Aneurysms can also occur in the _______aorta and in the deep vessels of the legs, e.g. ______

A

anterior cerebral artery from the circle of Willis

infrarenal abdominal aorta

thoracic

popliteal vessels

39
Q

List the 4 Anomalies/Defects of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis - in PA

RVH [right ventricular hypertrophy]

VSD [ventricular septal defect]

Overriding Aorta (dextra-position)

40
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy is caused by _________ and leads to __________

A

depositions of various agents due to inflammatory response

stiffening of ventricle walls

41
Q

Ischemic pain is often described as _________ while pericardial pain is often described as ____________

A

heavy, stone-like crashing pain

sharp, stabbing pain radiating to the back and relieved by sitting up forward and worsened by lying down

42
Q

Describe septic shock

A

bacterial toxins caused dilation of peripheral arterioles

43
Q

In an electrocardiogram, the P wave denotes _____ while the QRS complex denotes ________

A

atrial depolarization

ventricular depolarization

44
Q

Define pulmonary embolism and where it comes from.

A

Blood clot that obstructs the pulmonary arteries in the lung. They come from the pulmonary artery.

45
Q

Pericarditis is _________. It can be classified according to ___________________

A

inflammation

composition of inflammatory exudate, duration, causative factor

46
Q

The _______ muscles attach to the atrioventricular valves via the __________ and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves

A

papillary

chordae tendineae

47
Q

(T/F) Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis

A

T

48
Q

What is the major cause of pulmonary embolism?

List risk factors of pulmonary embolism.

A

*DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

4 F’s (fat forty female fertile)

Cancer

Prolonged immobility

CHF

MI

Stroke

Fracture of long bone/hip

Major Surgery

Blood disorders - e.g. renal cell carcinoma, polycythemia rubra vera

49
Q

In the cardiac cycle, ventricular systole is the period when ________

A

ventricles pump blood into pulmonary trunk / ascending aorta

50
Q

Endocarditis is an inflammation of _____. The most common structures involved are __________. It is characterized by prototypic lesion aka __________, which is a mass of _________. This mass has the potential to cause ___________

A

endocardium - inner layer of the heart

the heart valves

the vegetation

platelets, fibrin, microcolonies of microbes, scant inflammatory cells

embolic stroke

51
Q

An aneurysm is ____________ caused by _________

A

localized, blood-filled dilation of a blood vessel

disease or weakening of the vessel wall

52
Q

List general clinical features of shock

A

hypotension

tachycardia

altered mental status

decreased urinary output

cool, clammy skin

53
Q

Cardiac output = ______

A

Stroke volume (SV) * Heart Rate (HR)

54
Q

Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing ________.

Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery due to _________.

A

any hardening of medium or large arteries

an atheromatous plaque

55
Q

Cardiac reserve = _____
In the average person, cardiac reserve is _____
In atheletes, cardiac reserve is _______

A

maximum output / output at rest

4-5

7-8

56
Q

Cardiomyopathy is very commonly accompanied by what condition? As a result, it may lead to what other conditions?

A

arterial hypertension

end-stage CHF, sudden cardiac arrest

57
Q

List and define influences on Stroke Volume

A

Preload - affect of stretching

Contractility - force of contraction

Afterload - amount of pressure created by blood resisting flow

58
Q

In cardiac output, what can influence afterload?

A

arterial blood pressure in diastole

Peripheral vascular resistance

59
Q

Clinical features of systemic hypertension include _______

A

asymptomatic in mild to moderate HTN, late stage HTN is associated with headache, somnolence, confusion, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting

60
Q

Pericarditis is a common complication of ________ but can also be caused by ______________

A

myocardial infarction

microbial infection, trauma to heart, malignancy, medications

61
Q

Describe pulmonary blood circulation

A

right side of HT pumps deoxygenated blood to LU
right ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary trunk
pulmonary trunk branches into pulmonary arteries
pulmonary arteries carry blood to LU for exchange of gases
oxygenated blood returns to HT in pulmonary veins

62
Q

Heart rate is regulated by what part of brain stem? Which nervous system?

A

cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata

ANS

63
Q

Ischemic heart disease aka __________ is characterized by ________, usually due to ___________

A

myocardial ischemia

reduced blood supply to the heart muscle

coronary artery disease

64
Q

90-95% of hypertension is ________ hypertension. Its etiology is _________

A

essential aka primary

idiopathic

65
Q

In the cardiac cycle, isovolumetric contraction is the period when _____

A

atria, ventricles are all in contraction and AV/SL valves are closed

66
Q

Describe pathogenesis of systemic hypertension

A

Kidney receives less blood supply per unit of time and activates secretion of renin –> angiotensin I –> angiotensin II –> aldosterone –> ADH –> increased osmolarity and blood volume along with increased vascular resistance/pressure

67
Q

List the phases of the cardiac cycle

A 
Isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular filling
Atrial systole
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular systole
68
Q

The most common cause of secondary systemic arterial hypertension is:

A

Kidney disease

69
Q

Lung edema is an expected complication of ____.

A

Left CHF

70
Q

What are the major types of shock? What are their etiologies?

A

Hypovolemic - blood/fluid loss

Cardiogenic - cardiac tamponade, thrombosis, MI, carditis, CHF

Distributive - dilation of peripheral arterioles

71
Q

Clinical presentations of RHF are _____________

A

peripheral edema, nocturia, ascites, hepatomegaly, jaundice, portal hypertension

72
Q

What are of the most common complications of MI?

A

Arrhythmias (more specifically VF) and HF.

73
Q

About 40% of cases of dilated cardiomyopathy are ______ in nature. Other causes of dilated cardiomyopathy include ____________

A

familial

pregnancy, alcoholism, toxic, metabolic, or infectious agents

74
Q

Confirmation of MI diagnosis requires ____________

A

1) ECG
2) cardiac enzymes blood level elevation: troponin, creatine kinase B
3) clinical presentation

75
Q

The most common cause of left CHF is _______

The most common cause of right CHF is _______

A

Arterial hypertension

Left CHF

76
Q

The most common etiology of ectopic arrhythmia is _______

A

hypoxia

77
Q

SA node fires spontaneously ____ times per minute

AV node fires at ______ times per minute

A

60-100

40-60

78
Q

The duration of ischemic pain is _______ while duration of myocardial infarction pain is _________

A

20 minutes

several hours

79
Q

Diagnosis of IHD is based on _________

A

clinical presentations, ECG, blood tests of MI markers, ultrasound, chest X-ray studies

80
Q

Ectopic pacemakers are _____ and can be caused by stimulants including _____

A

extra beats forming at other sites of the HT

caffeine, nicotine

81
Q

Major diagnostic criteria for Rheumatic Fever are:

A

Migratory polyarthritis - large joints, starts at legs and migrating up (wind)

Carditis

Subcutaneous nodules - loc: back of wrist, outside elbow, front of knees

Erythema marginatum - rash on trunk, arms

Sydenham’s chorea (St. Vitus’ Dance) - neurological presentation (pop and lock) occurs late

82
Q

The first heard sound (“lub”) is associated with the ____

A

closing of the AV valves

Tricuspid and Mitral Valves

83
Q

Buerger’s disease presents with _____________. The main symptom is ___________ which occurs in episodes upon exertion (aka ____________) due to severe obstruction with ischemia.The only proven treatment for Beurger’s disease is ________

A

inflammation and thrombosis of arteries and veins of the hands and feet.

pain in the affected areas

claudication

smoking cessation

84
Q

In the cardiac cycle, ventricular filling is the period when _____

A

blood flows from full atria into ventricle

diastasis - blood trickles into ventricle

atrial systole - pumps final 20-25ml blood into ventricle

Pathophysiology 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions