Female Reproductive System Disorders Flashcards
______ secreted by the hypothalamus controls female reproductive cycle. It stimulates _____ to secrete LH and FSH
GnRH
anterior pituitary
In a female, FSH functions to ________ while LH stimulates _________
initiate growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
ovulation & promotes formation of corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin
In the menstrual cycle estrogen and inhibin function to suppress _______
FSH secretion
The hormone that controls the female reproductive cycle is _____, which is synthesized in _______
GnRH
Hypothalamus
When does secondary oocyte formation takes place in females?
During puberty
The corpus luteum secretes ________
estrogen, inhibin, progesterone
The function of progesterone in luteal phase of menstrual cycle is __________
- inhibit GnRH secretion
- stimulate endometrial growth
- decrease contractility of the uterine smooth muscle
The function of estrogen in females is ________
- stimulate bone and muscle growth
- stimulate endometrial growth
- maintain secondary female characteristics
- maintain mammary glands
Pap smears are recommended beginning at the age of _____ and subsequently every _______ until age of ____
21
year, more frequently for high risk patients e.g. sex workers
70
The most common cause of menstrual disorders is ______. Other endocrine imbalances of the ________ can also influence FRS disorders
thyroid disorder
adrenal, ovary, anterior pituitary
salpinges (_______) + oophora (______) = ________
fallopian tubes
ovaries
adnexa (accessory organs of the uterus)
Primary dysmenorrhea is pain upon menstruation associated with _____________. Secondary dysmenorrhea is pain upon menstruation due to ___________
beginning of ovulation cycles / menstrual life
underlying pathology, e.g. retroverted uterus, adenomyosis, endometriosis, fibroids
Females with ______ amenorrhea never had a menses and are prone to _________ because ___________
primary
intrauterine hyperplasia
uterine lining has never been sloughed and replaced
“Break-through” bleeding is _________. It is a possible sign of ______________
irregular vaginal bleeding while on oral contraceptives
pelvic inflammatory disease, cancer
PID is most commonly an inflammation of _________ and possibly ________. Symptoms include ___________
fallopian tubes
cervix, uterus, ovaries
exceptional adnexal and cervical tenderness, localized abdominal/pelvic pain (uni or bilateral), break-through bleeding, peritoneal irritation, fever, nausea, vomiting
The most important risk factors leading to PID include ____________
- young age of sexual activity
- STD
- multiple sexual partners
- IUD
- neglect for routine GYN checkup
PID is the leading cause of _______. It is one of the leading causes of __________
ectopic pregnancy
infertility
A Pap smear checks for __________
dysplasia of cervical epithelium
Describe the progression of cervical cancer
dysplasia of epithelium -> intra-epithelial neoplasia -> carcinoma in situ -> invasive cervical carcinoma
In the menstrual cycle, the follicular phase in the ovary corresponds with the __________ in the uterus. The luteal phase in the ovary corresponds with the _________ in the uterus.
proliferative phase
secretory phase
Contrast fertilization and conception
Fertilization occurs when spermatozoa meets ovum
Conception occurs when fertilized ovum implants in uterus
Primary amenorrhea is defined as __________
1) absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 14 with no menarche
2) normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 16 years of age
Endometrial hyperplasia usually results in conditions of prolonged estrogen excess and can lead to metrorrhagia, defined as _________, menorrhagia, defined as ________ or menometrorrhagia.
- uterine bleeding at irregular intervals
- excessive bleeding w/ menstrual periods
Postmenopausal uterine bleeding can indicate _______
endometrial / uterine cancer
Adenomyosis is a FRS characterized by the presence of __________.Symptoms include ________. It is most commonly diagnosed in ___________
- ectopic enodmetrial tissue w/in the myometrium
- painful and/or profuse menses
- multi-parous females, ages 35-50
Endometriosis is a FRS characterized by ectopic location of __________. The most common ectopic location is _________
- endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity
- posterior cul de sac / pouch of Douglas
The most typical clinical manifestations of endometriosis are __________
dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility
Catamenial pneumothorax is __________ caused by _______
- menstruation related pneumothorax
- endometriosis of pleura of lung
A woman of childbearing age presents with acute abdominal pain. _____ must be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Ectopic pregnancy
Endometriosis is diagnosed by _________
laparoscopy with lesion biopsy
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from ________. There are no screening tests for ovarian cancer (T/F)
- gynecological cancer
- T
______ is the most common endocrine pathology of the FRS
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Common symptoms of PCOS include __________
oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism
Diagnosis of PCOS is supported by Rotterdam criteria, which are ___________
- high level of androgens
- absence of mid-cycle peak of LH and FSH
- excessive secretion of LH
- glucose intolerance
Describe levels of the following hormones in PCOS:
FSH, testosterone, estrogen
- low
- high
- low
How does pregnancy impact systemic blood pressure during first trimester?
Pregnancy hormones HCG, estrogen, progesterone act to soften smooth muscle leading to lower blood pressure
Preeclampsia is a medical condition where ____ arises in pregnancy in association with ______ in the urine. It may develop from ___ weeks of gestation up to ______
hypertension
significant amounts of protein
20
six weeks post-partum
How is preeclampsia cured?
Delivery of placenta via induction of labor or Caesarean section
Pre-eclampsia syndrome is thought to be caused by ________
shallow implantation of the placenta
List signs of HELLP syndrome
Hemolysis,
Elevated Liver enzymes,
Low Platelet count
A retracted nipple is a red flag for medical referral because ____________
can indicate tumor growth pulling nipple inside
The greatest risk factor for female reproductive cancer is _________
long menstrual life - early menarche, late menopause
Breast cancer is diagnosed using “____ test” which includes _________
triple
clinical breast examination, mammography, fine needle aspiration cytology
