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Pathophysiology 2 > Female Reproductive System Disorders > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

______ secreted by the hypothalamus controls female reproductive cycle. It stimulates _____ to secrete LH and FSH

A

GnRH

anterior pituitary

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2
Q

In a female, FSH functions to ________ while LH stimulates _________

A

initiate growth of follicles that secrete estrogen

ovulation & promotes formation of corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin

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3
Q

In the menstrual cycle estrogen and inhibin function to suppress _______

A

FSH secretion

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4
Q

The hormone that controls the female reproductive cycle is _____, which is synthesized in _______

A

GnRH

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

When does secondary oocyte formation takes place in females?

A

During puberty

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6
Q

The corpus luteum secretes ________

A

estrogen, inhibin, progesterone

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7
Q

The function of progesterone in luteal phase of menstrual cycle is __________

A
  • inhibit GnRH secretion
  • stimulate endometrial growth
  • decrease contractility of the uterine smooth muscle
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8
Q

The function of estrogen in females is ________

A
  • stimulate bone and muscle growth
  • stimulate endometrial growth
  • maintain secondary female characteristics
  • maintain mammary glands
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9
Q

Pap smears are recommended beginning at the age of _____ and subsequently every _______ until age of ____

A

21

year, more frequently for high risk patients e.g. sex workers

70

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10
Q

The most common cause of menstrual disorders is ______. Other endocrine imbalances of the ________ can also influence FRS disorders

A

thyroid disorder

adrenal, ovary, anterior pituitary

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11
Q

salpinges (_______) + oophora (______) = ________

A

fallopian tubes

ovaries

adnexa (accessory organs of the uterus)

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12
Q

Primary dysmenorrhea is pain upon menstruation associated with _____________. Secondary dysmenorrhea is pain upon menstruation due to ___________

A

beginning of ovulation cycles / menstrual life

underlying pathology, e.g. retroverted uterus, adenomyosis, endometriosis, fibroids

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13
Q

Females with ______ amenorrhea never had a menses and are prone to _________ because ___________

A

primary

intrauterine hyperplasia

uterine lining has never been sloughed and replaced

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14
Q

“Break-through” bleeding is _________. It is a possible sign of ______________

A

irregular vaginal bleeding while on oral contraceptives

pelvic inflammatory disease, cancer

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15
Q

PID is most commonly an inflammation of _________ and possibly ________. Symptoms include ___________

A

fallopian tubes

cervix, uterus, ovaries

exceptional adnexal and cervical tenderness, localized abdominal/pelvic pain (uni or bilateral), break-through bleeding, peritoneal irritation, fever, nausea, vomiting

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16
Q

The most important risk factors leading to PID include ____________

A
  • young age of sexual activity
  • STD
  • multiple sexual partners
  • IUD
  • neglect for routine GYN checkup
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17
Q

PID is the leading cause of _______. It is one of the leading causes of __________

A

ectopic pregnancy

infertility

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18
Q

A Pap smear checks for __________

A

dysplasia of cervical epithelium

19
Q

Describe the progression of cervical cancer

A

dysplasia of epithelium -> intra-epithelial neoplasia -> carcinoma in situ -> invasive cervical carcinoma

20
Q

In the menstrual cycle, the follicular phase in the ovary corresponds with the __________ in the uterus. The luteal phase in the ovary corresponds with the _________ in the uterus.

A

proliferative phase

secretory phase

21
Q

Contrast fertilization and conception

A

Fertilization occurs when spermatozoa meets ovum

Conception occurs when fertilized ovum implants in uterus

22
Q

Primary amenorrhea is defined as __________

A

1) absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 14 with no menarche
2) normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 16 years of age

23
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia usually results in conditions of prolonged estrogen excess and can lead to metrorrhagia, defined as _________, menorrhagia, defined as ________ or menometrorrhagia.

A
  • uterine bleeding at irregular intervals

- excessive bleeding w/ menstrual periods

24
Q

Postmenopausal uterine bleeding can indicate _______

A

endometrial / uterine cancer

25
Q

Adenomyosis is a FRS characterized by the presence of __________.Symptoms include ________. It is most commonly diagnosed in ___________

A
  • ectopic enodmetrial tissue w/in the myometrium
  • painful and/or profuse menses
  • multi-parous females, ages 35-50
26
Q

Endometriosis is a FRS characterized by ectopic location of __________. The most common ectopic location is _________

A
  • endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity

- posterior cul de sac / pouch of Douglas

27
Q

The most typical clinical manifestations of endometriosis are __________

A

dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility

28
Q

Catamenial pneumothorax is __________ caused by _______

A
  • menstruation related pneumothorax

- endometriosis of pleura of lung

29
Q

A woman of childbearing age presents with acute abdominal pain. _____ must be considered in the differential diagnosis.

A

Ectopic pregnancy

30
Q

Endometriosis is diagnosed by _________

A

laparoscopy with lesion biopsy

31
Q

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from ________. There are no screening tests for ovarian cancer (T/F)

A
  • gynecological cancer

- T

32
Q

______ is the most common endocrine pathology of the FRS

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome

33
Q

Common symptoms of PCOS include __________

A

oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism

34
Q

Diagnosis of PCOS is supported by Rotterdam criteria, which are ___________

A
  • high level of androgens
  • absence of mid-cycle peak of LH and FSH
  • excessive secretion of LH
  • glucose intolerance
35
Q

Describe levels of the following hormones in PCOS:

FSH, testosterone, estrogen

A
  • low
  • high
  • low
36
Q

How does pregnancy impact systemic blood pressure during first trimester?

A

Pregnancy hormones HCG, estrogen, progesterone act to soften smooth muscle leading to lower blood pressure

37
Q

Preeclampsia is a medical condition where ____ arises in pregnancy in association with ______ in the urine. It may develop from ___ weeks of gestation up to ______

A

hypertension

significant amounts of protein

20

six weeks post-partum

38
Q

How is preeclampsia cured?

A

Delivery of placenta via induction of labor or Caesarean section

39
Q

Pre-eclampsia syndrome is thought to be caused by ________

A

shallow implantation of the placenta

40
Q

List signs of HELLP syndrome

A

Hemolysis,
Elevated Liver enzymes,
Low Platelet count

41
Q

A retracted nipple is a red flag for medical referral because ____________

A

can indicate tumor growth pulling nipple inside

42
Q

The greatest risk factor for female reproductive cancer is _________

A

long menstrual life - early menarche, late menopause

43
Q

Breast cancer is diagnosed using “____ test” which includes _________

A

triple

clinical breast examination, mammography, fine needle aspiration cytology

Pathophysiology 2 (8 decks)

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