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Pathophysiology 2 > Male Reproductive System Disorders > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the Male Reproductive System constitute primary gonads?

What parts of the Female Reproductive System constitute primary gonads?

A

testes

ovaries

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2
Q

What nerve is responsible for the cremasteric reflex? What is the significance of this reflex for reproduction?

A

genitofemoral nerve

Reflex regulates scrotal temperature for optimal spermatogenesis and survival of the resultant spermatozoa

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3
Q

The function of sertoli cells is __________

A
  • form blood-testis barrier
  • support developing sperm cells
  • produce fluid & control release of sperm into lumen
  • secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH
  • produce androgen-binding protein
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4
Q

Leydig cells are located in between ________ and secrete ______

A

seminiferous tubules

testosterone

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5
Q

The tunica vaginalis is ____________. A hydrocele is ________

A

serous covering of the testis

accumulation of fluids around a body cavity, e.g. testis

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6
Q

Where do spermatogenic cells mature?

A

epididymis

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7
Q

List the functions of FSH, LH, inhibin, DHT?

A

FSH - stimulates spermatogenesis
LH - stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
inhibin - slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH
DHT - regulate prostate function

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8
Q

What are the structure and the function of the epididymis?

A
  • a tube with a head, body and tail that connects a testicle to a vas deferens
  • maturation of spermatozoa and storage of sperm cells in tail of epididymis
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9
Q

What is the difference between ductus deferens and spermatic cord?

A

The spermatic cord includes the ductus deferens and also testicular artery, vein and nerver

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10
Q

What glands generate seminal fluid?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland (cowper’s)

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11
Q

What are three parts of male urethra?

A

prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra

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12
Q

What is the major function of Cowper’s glands?

It is also known as _____?

A

A pea shaped exocrine gland that secretes pre ejaculatory seminal fluid

AKA bulbourethral gland

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13
Q

List characteristics of semen

A

Semen is slightly alkaline (pH 7.2-7.8) and contains sperm, proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C, flavins, phosphorylcholine and prostaglandins

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14
Q

What are the three cylindrical structures, which constitute penile body? What is erectile tissue composed of?

A
  • two corpora cavernosa lie next to each other on the dorsal side and one corpus spongiosum lies between them on the ventral side
  • corpora cavernosa are sponge-like tissue containing irregular blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa
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15
Q

What is the division of the autonomic nervous system, which controls erection? Ejaculation? What is a neurotransmitter, responsible for an erection?

A
  • parasympathetic
  • sympathetic
  • acetylcholine
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16
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is a result of _______ response. BPH is an increase in ______. It is characterized by obstruction to urination in its _____ stage. Describe development of BPH.

A
  • autocrine
  • number of prostate gland cells
  • early
  • hyperplasia starts in periurethral region and grows outward toward periphery of prostate
17
Q

Prostate cancer is a malignancy of _______ cells. Growth is initiated within _______ region and grows _______. In prostate cancer, obstruction to urination presents in ______ stage

A
  • prostatic epithelial
  • peripheral
  • inward toward center of prostate/urethral canal
  • late
18
Q

The normal size and mass of prostate gland is ______

A

3-4cm

35-40g

19
Q

Describe treatment methods for BPH

A
  • alpha blockers relax smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck
  • 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors (e.g. finasteride, dutasteride) , inhibits 5-alpha reductase which in turn inhibits DHT
  • microwave thermotherapy
  • needle ablation
20
Q

Risk factors for Prostate Cancer are _________

A

high fat diet, smoking, obesity, genetics, elevated levels of active testosterone and estrogen

21
Q

Prostate cancer is classified as what type of cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma / glandular cancer

22
Q

List red flags for prostate cancer

A
  • fixed lower back pain at night
  • urinary voiding difficulty
  • nodular prostate
  • hematuria
  • hematospermia
  • elevated PSA
23
Q

Penile cancer is a ______ cell carcinoma that is mostly due to STDs such as _______

A

squamous

Human Papilloma Virus

24
Q

Under translumination, a hydrocele of the tesis will _______ but a testicular mass will be __________

A

transluminate

opaque

25
Q

Testicular torsion occurs when twisting of the spermatic cord cuts off ______, leading to ________

A

venous drainage

hemorrhagic infarction

26
Q

Testicular cancer is most common in the ____ age group

A

15-34

27
Q

Describe the paraneoplastic syndrome associated with testicular cancer

A

Feminization syndrome - gynecomastia, galactorrhea, depression, widening hips, HCG secretion

28
Q

Cryptorchidism is a major predisposition to ________ and __________

A

testicular torsion
testicular cancer
Infertility LATER in life

29
Q

The most common infectious cause of orchitis is _________

A

mumps virus

30
Q

Major etiologies of priapism include _________

A

ischemia (e.g. diabetes mellitus, IHD, SC anemia), drugs for erectile dysfunction

31
Q

Varicocele is a dilatation of the _____________ and the ________, a form of varicose veins of the testis.

A

pampiniform venous plexus

internal spermatic vein

32
Q

Varicocele is a well-recognized cause of _________ likely due to ______________

A

decreased testicular function

compromised optimal temperature regulation.

*temperature of the testicle increase and gets to hot

33
Q

A common metastasis of prostate cancer is ______ because ___________

A

metastasis of spinal bones

common venous and lymphatic drainage passages of the prostate and the spine

34
Q

DHT is produced and secreted by __________

A

the prostate, adipose tissues, and hair follicles

35
Q

Increased levels of PSA reflect _________

A

prostate tissue growth

Pathophysiology 2 (8 decks)

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