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Pathophysiology 2 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Primary endocrine disorders involve what organ(s)?

A

target endocrine organs e.g. gonads, adrenal cortex, thyroid, mammary gland, liver, kidney

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2
Q

Secondary endocrine disorders involve what organ(s)?

A

anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis

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3
Q

Tertiary endocrine disorders involve what organ(s)?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

List actions of cortisol

A
  • gluconeogenesis - increase blood sugar
  • suppress immune system - reduce inflammation
  • reduce bone formation
  • raise blood pressure
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5
Q

T3 and T4 function to ____________

A

determine basal rate of metabolic reactions

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6
Q

Prolactin functions to ___________. It is known as the _________ out of the trophs.

A

inhibit secretion of FSH, TSH, GH, ACTH

Balancer

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7
Q

Aspirin is contraindicated in hyperthyroidism because _________

A

aspirin competes with T3 and T4 on liver hepatocytes, leading to higher T3/T4 levels in the blood

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8
Q

The most common etiology of hypothyroidism is _______

The most common auto-immune etiology of hypothyroidism is ___________

A

aging

Hashimoto’s disease

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9
Q

The most common hyperthyroid disorder is _______.

The most common etiologies are ______.

A

Grave’s disease

Toxic adenoma, toxic goiter, thyroiditis.

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10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Grave’s disease

A

auto-immune reaction results in production of self-antibodies (IgG), over-stimulating TSH receptors of the thyroid gland

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11
Q

What are hallmark features of Grave’s disease?

A

exopthalmos, heat intolerance, nervousness, insomnia, fine and silky hair alopecia, alternating diarrhea, tremors, irregular menstruations or AMENORRHEA,

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12
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s disease.

A

Immune system produces immunoglobulins against thyroid follicles, eventually damaging core substate thyro-globulin

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13
Q

What are clinical presentations of hypothyroidsim?

A

cold intolerance, facial myxedema, fatigue, weight gain, brittle and dry hair alopecia, decreased BMR, irregular/HEAVY menstruation

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14
Q

Cushing Syndrome is an endocrine condition characterized by excessive production of ___________

A

cortisol

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15
Q

The most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome is _________

A

long term steroid medications to suppress inflammation

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16
Q

Cushing’s disease is a type of Cushing’s syndrome where _______

A

anterior pituitary adenoma secretes excessive ACTH which stimulates adrenal gland to produce more cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormone precursors

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17
Q

In Cushing’s disease, ACTH levels are ____ and cortisol levels are _____

A

elevated

elevated

18
Q

What are clinical hallmarks of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

buffalo hump, central obesity, thin lower limbs, hirsutism, aterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, altered mental status (depression, anxiety, psychosis) due to excesses cortisol

19
Q

Cretinism is an outdated medical term for _________. It is generally reversible in the following time frame ________.

A
  • congenital hypothyroidism

- within 1-2 months after birth

20
Q

The hallmark of congenital hypothyroidism is ______

A

profound mental retardation

21
Q

Gigantism is an excess _____ production initiated __________. Acromegaly is an excess GH production with the beginning of _________, after _________of the long bones are already closed.

A
  • GH production
  • before puberty
  • adulthood
  • epiphyseal plates
22
Q

Addison’s Disease is ________ insufficiency. The causes of Addison’s disease are ___________

A
  • adrenal

- largely unknown, possibly infection, neoplasia, auto-immune

23
Q

Describe typical menses in hypothyroidism.

Describe typical menses in hyperthyroidism.

A
  • heavy, painful menses

- oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea

24
Q

What is the potential impact of pituitary adenoma on vision?

A

enlarged pituitary can impact the optic chiasm, eventually leading to blindness

25
Q

ACTH and MSH share the same _______. Thus, endocrine disorders where ACTH levels are elevated such as _______ will also show signs of darkened skin pigmentation.

A

precursor molecule (proopiomelanocortin / POMC)

Cushing’s disease, primary Addison’s disease

26
Q

Primary Addison’s disease is a deficiency in ______ release from the __________, thus leading to compensation and over production of ________. Signs and symptoms include __________ as a result of primary ________ deficiency.

A
  • glucocorticoid
  • adrenal cortex
  • ACTH (MSH)
  • fatigue, muscle weakness, hypotension, craving salt, brown/bronze discolorations
  • cortisol
27
Q

Primary Addison’s disease is also known as __________

A

brown diabetes

28
Q

Secondary or tertiary Addison’s disease present with all the signs of primary Addison’s except ___________ because ____________

A
  • brown/bronze discolorations

- hypothalamus is not secreting CRH or anterior pituitary not secreting ACTH so MSH is not secreted either

29
Q

Addisonian crisis indicates __________. It can be caused by __________

A
  • severe adrenal insufficiency

- bacterial meningitis, abruptly ceasing long term steroid medication

30
Q

Describe the pathology of primary diabetes mellitus.

Describe the pathology of secondary diabetes mellitus.

A
  • auto-immune injury of beta pancreatic islet cells

- resistance of insulin receptors on cellular membranes

31
Q

Obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 are linked together because _________, affecting blood vessels and pancreatic secretion of insulin.

The more cholesterol is available in the human body, the more ______ hormones will be produced, which, in turn, ________ secretion and action of insulin and ________resistance of insulin receptors.

A
  • excessive adipose tissues predispose to accumulation of toxins and proinflammatory mediators
  • adrenal
  • down regulates
  • increases
32
Q

The clinical hallmark of diabetes mellitus is _______ because ______________

A

wasting body syndrome

it relies on catabolism of proteins and fat than cellular accommodation of glucose

33
Q

DM should be suspected when on two random occasions, fasting blood glucose test shows glucose concentration in blood above _________.

What is a normal range of fasting blood glucose?

A

125-126 mg/dL

70-99 mg/dL

34
Q

OGTT stands for _______. Diagnosis of DM will be established if OGTT in ___ hours shows blood glucose level at _______

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

2

200 mg/dL or higher

35
Q

The best test for long term control of DM management is _____. Normal values are not to exceed ___

A

glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)

6%

36
Q

Central Diabetes insipidus is _______ while nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is _________. Either case results in dysfunction of _______ leading to presentation of __________

A
  • deficient production of ADH by hypothalamus
  • resistance of kidney to ADH
  • water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
  • urine that is diluted (low specific gravity) and abundant
37
Q

SIADH stands for ______. In this syndrome, the ______ secretes too much ______ which results in _____________

A
  • Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of ADH
  • hypothalamus
  • ADH
  • increased reabsorption of water and urine being very scanty and hyperconcentrated
38
Q

Signs and symptoms that suggest Diabetes mellitus are _______

A

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

39
Q

Thyroid storm is a rare but severe and potentially life-threatening complication of ___________. It is characterized by ________

A

hyperthyroidism

a high fever (often above 40°C/104°F), fast and often irregular heart beat, vomiting, diarrhea and agitation

40
Q

The negative feedback regulation is ________ in any secondary endocrine disorder.

A

interrupted

Pathophysiology 2 (8 decks)

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