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Internal Medicine > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Which anti-hypertensive agents may be used for migraine prophylaxis?

A

Beta blockers (usually Propranolol or Timolol)

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2
Q

Which vitamin may be used for migraine prophylaxis?

A

Vitamin B2 (a.k.a. Riboflavin)

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3
Q

Which 2 anticonvulsants are typically used for prophylaxis against migraines?

A

Valproic acid and Topiramate

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4
Q

What are some of the main side effects of carbamazepine use?

A
  • Dizziness
  • GI upset
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hyponatremia
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5
Q

For what type of seizures is ethosuximide prescribed?

A

Absence (petit-mal) seizures

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6
Q

Which anti-epileptic medication is most notorious for causing neural tube defects in the children of pregnant women using the medication?

A

Valproic acid

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7
Q

What is the best imaging study to diagnose Multiple Sclerosis?

A

MRI of the brain

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8
Q

What is the characteristic cerebral imaging finding in Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Increased T2 signal and decreased T1 signal.

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9
Q

What is the diagnosis in a patient lacking ipsilateral adduction to a contralateral gaze?

A

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

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10
Q

Meniere’s disease features which type of vertigo: Central or Peripheral?

A

Peripheral.

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11
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Weakness or flaccid muscles upon excitement.

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12
Q

What type of visual loss results from right optic tract lesion?

A

Left-sided homonymous hemianopia.

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13
Q

What type of vision loss results from left optic nerve lesion

A

Left monocular blindness.

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14
Q

What type of vision loss results from right optic radiation lesion?

A

Left quadrantanopia (anopia affecting a quarter of the vision field).

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15
Q

Which vessel is typically involved in Epidural hematomas?

A

Middle Meningeal artery

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16
Q

Which involves venous bleeding: Subdural or Epidural hematoma?

A

Subdural hematoma

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17
Q

Which are more rapidly evolving: Subdural or Epidural hematomas?

A

Epidural hematoma

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18
Q

The upper face is usually spared in supranuclear or infranuclear palsy?

A

Supranuclear palsy

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19
Q

What is the characteristic rash of Lyme disease?

A

Erythema chronicum migrans

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20
Q

What toxicity is associated with mitoxantrone use?

A

Cardiotoxicity

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21
Q

What medication should be avoided in patients with the JC virus as it can lead to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

A

Natalizumab

22
Q

What are the 4 types of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A
  • Primary-progressive MS (PPMS)
  • Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)
  • Secondary-progressive MS (SPMS)
  • Progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS)
23
Q

What form of Multiple Sclerosis is described here? “The most common form, relapses occur and are followed by
remission.”

A

Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)

24
Q

What type of Multiple Sclerosis is described here? “Slowly progressing MS with no periods of remission.”

A

Primary-progressive MS (PPMS)

25
Q

What type of Multiple Sclerosis is described here? “Develops in people having a relapse of MS. Partial recoveries do occur but the disease gets progressively worse with each cycle.”

A

Secondary-progressive MS (SPMS)

26
Q

What are 2 main causes that need to be ruled out before proceeding with the treatment of a patient with psychosis?

A

Electrolyte abnormalities and infection

27
Q

Which commonly prescribed antipsychotic can exacerbate Parkinsonian symptoms?

A

Haloperidol.

28
Q

What dopamine receptor antagonist medication is used to help with diabetic gastroparesis?

A

Metoclopramide

29
Q

What are the four cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Resting tremors
  • Bradykinesia
  • Rigidity
  • Postural instability
30
Q

What is the preferred treatment for middle-aged patients with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Pramipexole

31
Q

What medication can be given in conjunction with levodopa for Parkinson’s disease?

A

Carbidopa (which prevents peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine).

32
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with chronic lower back pain that improves with leaning forward or walking uphill?

A

Spinal stenosis

33
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis in a patient with malignancy, new lower back pain, leg weakness, paresthesias, and loss of bowel or bladder control?

A

Cord compression.

34
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in an obese individual with chronic lower back pain lacking inflammatory features?

A

Degenerative disc disease (or osteoarthritis).

35
Q

What type of cancer is associated with Eaton-Lambert syndrome?

A

Small cell (or Oat cell) lung cancer.

36
Q

What reflexes are characteristically seen in Eaton-Lambert syndrome?

A

Decreased reflexes (hyporeflexia).

37
Q

In myasthenia gravis, antibodies are directed against which receptors?

A

Post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors.

38
Q

What reflexes are characteristically seen in patients with hypothyroidism?

A

Delayed reflexes.

39
Q

What reflexes are characteristically seen in patients with West Nile virus?

A

Decreased reflexes (hyporeflexia).

40
Q

What reflexes are characteristically seen in subacute combined degeneration?

A

Increased reflexes (hyperreflexia).

41
Q

What is the most important goal within the first 24 hours after t-PA administration?

A
  • Blood pressure control:
42
Q

In the first 24 hours after t-PA administration, what

medications/interventions should be avoided?

A

Aspirin, Heparin, Coumadin, or any sort of Feeding.

43
Q

What can uncontrolled hypertension cause in a patient with ischemic stroke given tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)?

A

Transformation into hemorrhagic stroke.

44
Q

What are the clinical features typically seen in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Progressive dementia and quick jerky movements (myoclonus jerks) that are exacerbated by loud noises.

45
Q

What are three major sources of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Contaminated Corneal transplants, Growth hormone or Surgical instruments.

46
Q

What EEG findings are expected in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Slow background with intermittent sharp waves present.

47
Q

Of the major forms of cancer, which is least likely to lead to brain metastasis?

A

Prostate cancer.

48
Q

In women, what is the most likely cancer to spread to the brain parenchyma?

A

Breast cancer.

49
Q

What area of the brain has a lesion in locked-in syndrome?

A

Lower brainstem, namely the pons area.

50
Q

What type of EEG results are expected in a patient with locked-in syndrome?

A

Normal EEG.

Internal Medicine (7 decks)

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