Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Which HLA is associated with MG ?

A

HLADR2 and HLADR3

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2
Q

Which Type of Voltage Gated Pre-synaptic calcium channels are affected in LEMS ?

A

P/Q Calcium Channels

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3
Q
A

When Dyskinesia from Levodopa –> add COMT

Reduce Levadopa/ add Amantadine / duodopa –> Treat Dyskinesia

‘end-of-dose fluctuations’  –> Adjunct with MOAI

Anti-Muscarinic ( procyclidine, benztropine, trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol) —> Treat Drug induced PD vs Idiopathic PD

Add Apomorphine –> when ‘OFF’ effects precipitate

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4
Q

What is the side effect of Natalizumab in Multiple Sclerosis ?

A

JC Virus reactivation causing Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

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5
Q

Wernicke’s vs Broca’s

A

Wernicke (Brodmann area 22 at Superior Temporal Gyrus) = Word Salad
Random Words
Comprehension IMPAIRED
Inferior division of L MCA

Broca’s (Brodmann Area 44 and 45) at Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Stutters and Word Finding Difficulty
Comprehension is PRESERVED
Superior Division of L MCA

Conductive Aphasia (Arcuate Fasciculus)
Fluent Speech but cant REPEAT

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6
Q

Third Nerve Palsy

A

Down and Out
Dilated
Ptosis
Painful and Dilated in Surgical

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7
Q

Causes of Facial Nerve Palsy

A

Upper Motor Neuron
Stroke

Lower motor neuron

1) Bell’s palsy
2) Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (due to herpes zoster)
3) Acoustic neuroma
4) Parotid Tumors
5) HIV
multiple sclerosis* (may be also UMN)
6) DM

B/L Facial Nerve Palsy

1) Sarcoidosis
2) GBS
3) Lyme disease
4) Bilateral acoustic neuromas (NF2)

as Bell’s palsy is relatively common it accounts for up to 25% of cases of bilateral palsy, but this represents only 1% of total Bell’s palsy cases

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8
Q

Path of Cranial Nerve 7

A
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9
Q

Transient Global Amnesia Treatment ?

A

Sudden Anterograde Amnesia –> Reassure as self limiting

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10
Q

False Localizing Lesion of CN6 seen when ?

A

Raised ICP and presents as B/L CN6 Palsy

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11
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis

1) Inheritance , Which Genes and Chromosomes and Proteins affected

2) Tumors where ?

3) Presentation

3) Treatment

A

Autosomal Dominant with Variable Expressivity and Incomplete Penetrance

TSC 1 - Chromosome 9 - Hamartin

TSC 2 - Chromosome 16 - Tuberin - Co-exists with PCKD as PKD 1 gene on Chromosome 16

2) Hamartia
Hamartoma
Giant Cell Astrocytoma’s
Retinal Nodular Hartoma’s - White Patches on Retina (Phakoma)
Adenoma Sebaceum (angiofibromas) - Butterfly distribution
Rhabdomyosarcoma

Angiomyolipoma of Kidney
Subungual Fibroma
Shagreen Patches and Ashleaf Spots

LAM in Lungs (Lymphangioleiomyomatosis)

3) Infantile Spasms - Vigabatrin and ACTH

Intellectual Disability
Astrocytoma - Evorilomus
Angiomyolipoma

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12
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Type 2 Facts

1) Inheritance
2) Protein
3) Presentations

A

1) Autosomal Dominant

2) NF1 coding for Neurofibromin in Chromosome 17

NF2 coding for Merlin in Chromosome 22

3)

NF1

Cafe - Au - Lait Spots
Cutaneous Neurofibromas
Pigmented Iris Hartomas (Lisch Nodules)
Phaeochromocytoma

NF2 (2 Ears , 2 Eyes and 2 parts of Brain)

Bilateral Acoustic Neuroma
Juvenile Cataracts
Mengiomas and Ependymoma

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13
Q

Von Hipple Lindau Syndrome

A

MRCP

M: Mutation in VLH suppressor gene on chromosome 3

R: Retinal haemangiomata presenting as vitreous hemangioma, Renal cyst, Clear Renal cell carcinoma

C: CNS haemangioblastoma

P: Pheochromocytoma, Pancreatic cyst

Endolymphatic Sac Tumors

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14
Q

Causes of Chorea

HITING ME

Hemochromatosis and Rheumatic Heart Disease DONT cause Chorea

A

Hereditary -
1. Wilsons
2. Huntingtons
3. Neuroacanthocytosis

Infection -
1. Streptococcus Pyogenes - Sydenham Chorea
2. SLE & APLS

Toxins
1. LDOPA
2. Neuroleptics (Dopamine Agonists)
3. CO poisoning

Ischemia

Neoplasia

Gynecological - Pregnancy, Chorea Gravidum

Myeloproliferative - Polycythemia Rubra Vera

Endocrine - Thyrotoxicosis

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15
Q

Causes of Action / Postural Tremor

BEATINGS

A

Benign Essential Tremor
Hypoglycemia
Hyperthyroidism
Alcohol Withdrawal
Infection - Syphilis

Toxins - Lithium, SV, Salbutamol, TCA, Hatter’s Shakes (Lead Mercury Arsenic)

Enhanced Physiological Tremor

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16
Q

What is Autoinduction ?

A

Drug induces the enzymes that break it down

CARBAMEZAPINE

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17
Q

Side Effects of Carbamazepine

A

-SJS
-Diplopia
- Cytochrome 450 INDUCER
-Agranulocytosis/leucopenia
-SIADH and Hyponatremia

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18
Q

Neuropathic Pain Control in Diabetics ?

A

Duloxetine

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18
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Change drug
DONT ADD

Amitriptyline Duloxetine
Gabapentin Pregabalin

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19
Q

MOA of Pregabalin / GABApentin

A

Gabapentin and Pregabalin bind to alpha2Gamma subunit of Voltage Gated Calcium Channels at Presynaptic Neurons

Inhibiting depolarization and release of Neurotransmitters like Glutamate or Substance P

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20
Q

Thrmobolysis and Thrombectomy Guidance ______________

A
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21
Q

Benign Intracranial Hypertension

A

Obese Young Women

Drugs -
COCP
Steroids
Tetracyclines
Tetinoids (Isotretinoin, tretinoin) / vitamin A
lithium

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors like Acetazolamide
Add on Topiramate

Optic nerve sheath decompression
VP Shunt

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22
Q

Guidance
CMTD Freidriehs

A
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23
Q

Migraine Treatment

A

Acute -
Triptan + NSAID OR Triptan + PCM

If not working then
Non Oral Metoclopramide or Prochlorperazine

Consider adding Non Oral Triptan or Nsaid

Prophylactic -

Topiramate
Propranolol
Amitriptyline
Riboflavin 400mg/day
If Predictable Menstrual Migraine - Frovatriptan or Zolmitriptan

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24
Q

DMD vs Beckers vs Myotonic vs FSH Dystonia

A

DMD (X linked Recessive)

Proximal Muscles
Gowers Maneuver
Waddling Gait
Dilated CDM
Weak Reflexes

Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy

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25
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy Inheritance ,
Features and Associations

A

Myotonic Dystrophy (Autosomal Dominant - CTG Trinucleotide Repeat)

DM1 - CTG Trinucleotide Repeat at end of DMPK gene on Chromosome 19 (Distal First)

DM2 - Repeat Expansion of ZNF9 gene on Chromosome 3 (Proximal First)

LMN
Distal Muscle Weakness
Loss of Ankle Reflex

Face
Bilateral Ptosis
Mastication Weakness
Frontotemporal Balding

Myotonia
Slow Release Hand Shake
Percussion Myotonia
Slow to Open eyes after Shutting tight

Christmas Tree Cataracts
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy & HB
Dysphagia
Testicular Atrophy

3T 3D

  • 3T: Toupee (balding), ticker (cardiomyopathy), testicles (atrophy)
  • 3D: diabetes, dysarthria, learning disability
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26
Q

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia explain pathophysiology and how to differentiate from a Oculomotor Palsy ?

A

Demyelination of MLF
Located in Paramedian area of Midbrain and Pons

Features

  1. Unable to ADDUCT of the eye on the same side as the lesion
  2. Horizontal nystagmus of the ABDUCT TING eye on the contralateral side

Test of Convergence to help INO>Oculomotor Nuclear Palsy

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27
Q

Drugs causing Peripheral Neuropathy

A

I AM Very Peripherally Numb

Isoniazid
Amiodarone
Metronidazole
Vincristine
Phenytoin
Nitrofurantoin

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28
Q

Ataxia Telangiectasia

1) Inheritance
2) Features

A

Autosomal Recessive
ATM Gene

1-5 y/o VS FA

Spider Nevi
IgA Deficiency - Recurrent Chest Infection
Cerebellar Ataxia
Risk of Leukemia or Lymphoma (NH)

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29
Q

Friedrichs Ataxia

A

Trinucleotide Repeat (GAA)
Chromosome 9

10-15y/o vs AT

Ataxia + DANISH
Loss of Reflexes
Optic Atrophy
Kyphoscoliosis
HOCM / T1DM

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30
Q

What is the MOST COMMON INHERITED Peripheral Neuropathy ?

What do you see on biopsy of neurons in this disease ?

A

Charcot Marie Tooth Disease
Autosomal Dominant
PMP22 gene

T1 - Demyelination
T2 - Axonal

Intrinsic Feet Muscles (Frequent Ankle Sprains)
Sensory Loss
High Arch Feet
Champagne Inverted Feet
Loss of Reflexes

Onion Skin Peel Appearance on Neuronal Biopsy
Decreased Velocity on EMG

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31
Q

Anti Hu
Anti Ri
Anti GAD
Anti Yo

A

Anti Hu -
Painful Peripheral Neuropathy
Cerebellar
Neuroblastoma SCLC and Encephalomyelitis

Anti Ri - Ocular opsoclonus-myoclonus

Anti GAD -
Breast , Colorectal and SCLC
Stiff Person Syndrome

Anti Yo -
Cerebellar
Ovarian Breast

Purkinje Fibers
Peripheral Neuropathy in Breast Cancer

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32
Q

Syringomyelia Presentation ?

A

Cape Like

1) Loss of Pain and Temperature
2) Hypersensitive to Vibration and Touch
3) Upgoing Plantar
4) Spastic (Immobile)
5) Sometimes , Rarely , Bladder and Bowel Involvement

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33
Q

Klumke’s vs Erbs Palsy

A

Klumpke’s Palsy (CLAW HAND)
C8-T1

Erbs (WAITERS TIP)
C5-C6

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34
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome Treatment ?

A

Massage
Treat Iron Deficiency
Dopamine Agonist - Ropinirole, Pramipexole
Benzodiazepine
Gabapentin

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35
Q

Nucleotide Repeats

A

GAA - Friedreich Ataxia
CTG - Myotonic Dystrophy
CAG - Huntington’s
CGG - Fragile X Syndrome

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36
Q

Huntington’s Disease
Ix and Tx

A

Ix -
MRI - increase in size of Frontal Horn of Lateral Ventricles
Gordon Reflex Phenomenon

NO CURE BUT for CHOREA
Tetrabenazine

Reversible inhibitor of VMAT 2
Impaired packaging of Monoamines into vesicles (esp Dopamine)
Reduced Release

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37
Q

Huntington Disease Gene and Inheritance

A

HTT gene Chromosome 4
Autosomal Dominant

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38
Q

Huntington Disease pathophysiology

A

Cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the striatum of the basal ganglia

Low ACh
Low GABA but HIGH Dopamine

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40
Q

Multiple Sclerosis DMARD Criteria

A
  1. Relapsing and Remitting + 2 relapses in 2 years + able to walk 100m UNAIDED
  2. Secondary Relapsing + 2 relapses in 2 years + able to walk 10m (AIDED or UNAIDED)

DMARD’s
Natalizumab (Antibodies against alpha-4 beta-1-integrin) - JC Virus reactivation

B interferon (reduce relapse NOT progression)

Fingolimod (Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator )

Daclizumab  (Antibody against CD25 part of the IL12R  )

Alemtuzumab (Antibodies against Alpha 4 integrin)

Fatigue - r/o obvious causes - Trial Amantadine

Spasticity - Gabapentin / Baclofen

Bladder Dysfunction -
Get USS first
Significant Residual Volume –> ISC
If not –> Antimuscarinic

Oscillopsia - Gabapentin

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41
Q

Miller Fisher vs GBS

Presentation
Antibodies

A

Anti GM1 in GBS
Anti GQ1b in MFS

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42
Q

Ondansetron MOA

A

5HT3 antagonist
Depress Vomit Centre in Medulla Oblangata

43
Q

Sodium Valproate Side Effects

A

Teratogenic
INHIBITOR OF P450
Alopecia
Weight Gain
Hepatotoxic

Tremor
Thrombocytopenia
Hyponatremia
Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy - L Carnitine as treatment

44
Q

When is Vitamin B12 Levels Falsely Normal ?

A

When you inhale Nitric Oxide

45
Q

Phenytoin Side Effects

A

Acutely

Nystagmus,
Slurred Speech
Diplopia
Ataxia

Chronically

Gingival Hyperplasia
Coarsening of Facial Features
Megaloblastic Anaemia (Folate NOT Vit B12)
Peripheral neuropathy
Osteomalacia (increased Vit D metabolism)

Idiosyncratic

Fever
TEN
Hepatitis
Dupuytren’s contracture*
Aplastic anaemia
Drug Induced Lupus

46
Q

Phenytoin when to check levels ?

A

Usually no need to

But Trough Levels immediately before dose if
1. Toxicity
2. Dose adjustment
3. Non adherence

47
Q

Phenytoin MOA ?

A

Binds to Na channels increasing refractory period

48
Q

Benign Idiopathic Hypertension Treatment ?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

49
Q

How to treat Medication Overuse Headaches?

A

Opoids- Withdraw gradually

Triptans and Simple Analgesia - Abruptly

49
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Investigation

A

Do CT Head within 6 hours and if NAD –> Alternative Dx

If CT Head > 6 hours and if NAD –> LP done after 12 hours of symptom onset (Xanthochromia)

Once SAH confirmed

CT Angiogram –> if CI then MRA or Digital Subtraction Angiogram

Repeat CT if worsening Neurology

50
Q

Complications of SAH

A
  1. Rebleed
  2. Hydrocephalus (external ventricular drain)
  3. Vasospasm (7-14 days post) - ensure euvolemia
  4. SIADH
51
Q

Side effect of Ondansetron ?

A

Constipation

52
Q

Homonymous quadrantanopia’s

A

Superior: lesion of the inferior optic radiations in the temporal lobe (Meyer’s loop)

Inferior: lesion of the superior optic radiations in the parietal lobe (Barums Loop)

Mnemonic = PITS (Parietal-Inferior, Temporal-Superior)

Knights Templars !!!!!

53
Q

Bitemporal Hemianopia

A

Optic Chiasm

upper quadrant defect > lower quadrant defect = inferior chiasmal compression, commonly a pituitary tumour

lower quadrant defect > upper quadrant defect = superior chiasmal compression, commonly a craniopharyngioma

54
Q

CJD Features

VCJD mnemonic

A

V-vertical upgaze palsy
C-clonus….myoclonus, cerebellar signs (ataxia, nystagmus)
J- Just rigidity
D- Dementia

SIGN= hockey stick sign on MRI

55
Q

Peadiatric Epilepsy Syndromes Facts

A

Infantile Spasm (West Syndrome)

Months of life
Salaam Attack
Intellectual disability
Vigabatrin and Steroids
EEG - Hypsarrhythmia

Lennox Gastaut Syndrome

1-5 years
Atypical absences, falls, jerks
Intellectual disability
EEG: slow spike
Ketogenic Diet

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (Janz syndrome) - Dropping Breakfast

1) Teenage Girls
2) Generalized Seizures in Morning or after sleep deprivation
3) Myoclonic Jerks before
4) Daytime Absences
EEG - Generalised spike and wave or polyspike and slow-wave discharges
Sodium Valproate

Benign Rolandic epilepsy
Paraesthesia on Unilateral face on waking up

56
Q

Homonymous Hemianopia Lesions

Optic Tract or Optic Radiation

ALWAYS CONTRALATERAL !!!

A

C(ongruous) = Radiation lesion.

I(ncongruous) = Tract lesion.

57
Q

DVLA guidance for Seizure, Syncope and TIA

A

First unprovoked Seizure - 6 months (all tests NAD)

Known Epileptic or Multiple Provoked - 12 months (if EEG abnormal or brain imaging)

No driving whilst Anti-Epileptic Meds being withdrawn and for 6 months last dose

TIA - 1 month - (No DVLA)
Multiple TIA - 3 months (DVLA)

Syncope

simple faint: no restriction

single episode, explained and treated: 4 weeks off

single episode, unexplained: 6 months off

two or more episodes: 12 months off

Craniotomy for Meningioma - 1 year

Narcolepsy/cataplexy: cease driving on diagnosis, can restart once ‘satisfactory control of symptoms’

58
Q

Cluster Headache

A

Acutely - O2 AND Subcutaneous Sumatriptan
Prophylaxis - Verapamil

MRI with Gadolium - Investigation of Choice

Triggered by Alcohol

59
Q

Treatment of MG ?

60
Q

Baclofen MOA

A

GABA Agonist

61
Q

Vigabatrin Side Effect

A

GABA Transaminase inhibitor —> Increasing GABA levels
Visual Field Defects
6 monthly checks

62
Q

Migraines Treatment

1) When Pregnant ?
2) Can given when on HRT ?
3) When Menstruation ?

A

1) PCM 1st Line
NSAID’s 2nd line in 1st & 2nd Trimester cuz in 3rd Trimester (Closure of PDA)

2) Yes but make it worse

3) Mefenamic Acid OR combination of aspirin, paracetamol and caffeine

63
Q

MFS Plantar Up or Down going ?

A

Down going

Up is abnormal

64
Q

Cholesteatoma pathognomic

A

Foul Smelling Discharge

65
Q

Cyproheptadine vs Datrolene MOA

A

Datrolene - Ryanodine receptor binder and reduce calcium release from SR

Cyproheptadine - 5HT2A receptor antagonist and also H1 blocker

66
Q

NMS features

Serotonin Syndrome distinguishing features

A

Fever
Autonomic Dysfunction
Rigidity
Mental State

Mydriasis
Diahorrea
Hyperreflexia (vs decreased reflexes in NMS)

67
Q

Gold Standard for Intracranial Venous Thrombosis

A

MRI Venogram

68
Q

Phenytoin what to give in the last trimester of Pregnancy ?

A

Vitamin K to prevent Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn

69
Q

When to give Folate 5 mg ?

A

If
BMI≥30
Diabetes
Coeliac disease
Anti epileptic medication
Neural tube defect in either partners
Thalassemia

Pre-conception till 12th week of Pregnancy

70
Q

Polyneuropathies Which Ones are Predominantly Motor vs Sensory

A

PREDOMINANTLY MOTOR:
CLD Has Poor proGnosis.

C- CIDP
L- lead poisoning
D- DIPHTHERIA
H- HSMN (CMTD)
P- PORPHYRIA
G- GBS

PREDOMINANTLY SENSORY:

VALUED:
V- Vitamin B12 deficiency
A- Amyloidosis
L- Leprosy
U- Ureamia
E- Ethanol
D- Diabetes

71
Q

Parts of the Hypothalamus and their functions

A

All the nuclei of the hypothalamus along with their functions:

Suprachiasmatic - Circadian rhythm

Anterior - Cooling

Posterior - Heating

Ventrolateral - Secretes orexin => wakefulness and feeding

Medial - Satiety
Arcuate - Satiety

Paraventricular - Oxytocin
Supraoptic - ADH

Preoptic - VL => Sleep; VM => GnRH

Mamillary - Memory
Dorsomedial - Behavior

72
Q

Topiramate MOA

A

1) blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels
2) increases GABA action
3) carbonic anhydrase inhibition -

Decrease Urinary citrate excretion
Formation of alkaline urine that favours the creation of calcium phosphate stone

INDUCER
Causes Acute Close Angle Glaucoma

73
Q

AICA vs PICA Presentation

A

Facial PAIN in PICA (Lateral Medullary or Wallenburg)

For Wallenburg =

Ipsilateral: facial pain and temperature loss
Contralateral: limb/torso pain and temperature loss
Ataxia, Nystagmus

AS ABOVE + Ipsilateral Facial PARALYSIS and Deafness in AICA (Lateral Pontine)

Wallenburg

  1. Ipsilateral facial loss of pain and temperature (CN V spinal nucleus)  
  2. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature 
  3. Ipsilateral CN 9-12 palsies (dysphagia, hoarseness, hiccups) 
  4. Ipsilateral cerebellar signs (ataxia, nystagmus, vertigo) 
  5. Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome 
  6. No UMN weakness 
74
Q

Webers Syndrome

A

Ipsilateral CN III palsy
Contralateral weakness of upper and lower extremity
Paramedian Branches of PCA

75
Q

Subacute Degeneration of Spinal Cord

A

Absent Ankle Reflex
Brisk Knee Reflex
Positive Rhomberg

Lateral CST and Dorsal and Spinocerebellar

76
Q

Which Antiepileptic given IV causes Hypotension ?

77
Q
A

Proximal MCA infarct = large vessel occlusion = thrombectomy

78
Q

Rinnes and Webers interpretation

A

If Conductive Hearing Loss on Rinnes then Webers Lateralizes to AFFECTED Ear

If Sensineural Hearing Loss on Rinne then Weber Lateralizes to UNAFFECTED ear

79
Q

What is associated with BIH ?

A

Cranial Nerve 3 due to Uncal Herniation via the Tentorium

80
Q

Causes of Parkinsomism

A

Parkinson’s disease

drug-induced e.g. antipsychotics, metoclopramide*

progressive supranuclear palsy
multiple system atrophy
Wilson’s disease
post-encephalitis
dementia pugilistica (secondary to chronic head trauma e.g. boxing)

toxins: carbon monoxide, MPTP

81
Q

Causes of Spastic Paraparesis

A

Spastic paraparesis
mnemonic: COMPACTS HD

  • Cord compression (trauma, tumor)
  • Osteoarthritis of the cervical spine
  • Multiple sclerosis (demyelination)
  • Parasagittal meningioma
  • AIDS (HIV causing transverse myelitis)
  • Cervical osteoarthritis
  • Tropical spastic paraparesis
  • Syringomyelia
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia
  • Disc compression (alternative term for cord compression)
82
Q

Wernicke’s Encephalopathy Triad

A

Ataxia (Broad Based Stomping)

Encephalopathy

Oculomotor Dysfunction
1. Lateral Rectus Palsy
2. Sluggish Pupils
3. Anisocoria
4. NYSTAGMUS (Most Common)
5. Conjugate Gaze Palsy

83
Q

What feature suggests more of an idiopathic Parkinson’s

A

Asymmetrical Tremor

84
Q

Pheochromocytoma associated with which conditions

A

Phaeochromocytoma is associated with 1,2,3
NF-1, MEN 2(a,b), VHL (chromosome 3)

85
Q

Focal Seizures Antiepileptic Drugs 1st and 2nd Line

A

First Line - Lamotrigine or levetiracetam
Second Line = carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine or zonisamide

86
Q

ALS Genetic Mutation ?

A

90% Sporadic
10% Familial
C9orf72
SOD1 - More Important

87
Q

Treatment for ALS

A

Riluzole (Glutamate Antagonist)

Edaravone (Decrease Physical Deterioration)

Baclofen , Clonazepam, Tizanidine (Spasticity)

Antidepressants (Pseudobulbar Effect)

NIV - Better for Survival - When FVC < 80%

PEG feeding recommended

88
Q

MOA for
Baclofen
Clonazepam
Tizanidine

A

Baclofen - GABA B Agonist in the spinal cord

Clonzepam - GABA A Agonist

Tizanidine - agonism at central α2 receptors

89
Q

Chronic Subdural Hemorrhage on CT

Acute Subdural Hemorrhage on CT

A

HYPODENSE (dark) compared to the substance of the brain.

HYPERDENSE

90
Q

Conditions with elevated protein in CSF ?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome
TB and Fungal Meningitis
Froin’s syndrome*
Viral Encephalitis

91
Q

Whats Froin Syndrome

A

Increase in CSF protein below a certain blockage
Tumour , Prolapse etc ….

92
Q

MRI Sequences

A

MRI FLAIR - MS

MRI STIR - Thyroid Eye Disease

MRI Susceptibility Weighted - Microhemorrhages and Iron Deposits

93
Q

TIA Treatment guidelines

A

Aspirin 300mg STAT

Aspirin + Clopidogrel for 21 days OR Aspirin + Ticagrelor for 30 days

Then Monotherapy !!!!

Statins 80mg to reduce non HDL by 40%

Carotid Endarterectomy only if >50%

94
Q

Brain Abscess Treatment

A

IV Ceftriaxone + Metronidazole

95
Q

Causes of Autonomic Neuropathy

A

DM
GBS
MSA aka Shy-Drager syndrome
PD
Infections: HIV, Chagas’ disease, neurosyphilis

drugs: antihypertensives, tricyclics
craniopharyngioma

96
Q

Treatment for Bells

A

Give Oral Pred in 72 hours
Eye protection from keratopathy

97
Q

Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy Treatment

A

MRI
ALWAYS Spinal and Neurosurgical Referral
Ideally within 6 months
Post Op Recurrence
Refer to Spinal and Neurosurgery (Not Analgesia)

98
Q

LEMS vs MG

A

Hyporeflexia
Autonomic Dysfunction Present

vs MG

99
Q

Drug for Restless Leg Syndrome

A

Ropinirole

100
Q

Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis features

A

Associated with Ovarian Teratomas
AfroCarribean
Psychiatric Disturbance
MRI Normal but FLAIR shows abnormalities

Anti GM1 (AIDP of GBS) and Anti MUSK

102
Q

What’s the treatment for Post Lumbar Puncture Headache

A

Blood Patch

103
Q

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria is called ?

A

BUDAPEST Diagnostic Criteria