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Knowledge Exam > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

The most important nursing consideration in the care of a patient with an acute neurological injury

A

Raised Intracranial Pressure

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2
Q

Symptoms of raised intracranial pressure

A

Headache, blurred vision, less alert than usual, vomiting, changes in behaviour, weakness, fatigue, difficulty talking or moving

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3
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

Assesses level of consciousness
Score out of 3-15
Eye opening 1-4
Verbal response 1-5
Motor response 1-6

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4
Q

Cranial nerve assessment

A

Used to identify problems with the cranial nerves by physical examination

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5
Q

Types of neurological examinations

A

Neuroimaging (CT, MRI)
Nerve conduction studies (NCS)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electromyography (EMG)
Lumbar Puncture (LP)

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6
Q

What is involved in a lumbar puncture examination?

A

Spinal needle inserted between L3 and L4 collected CSF fluid to test for meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage etc.

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7
Q

What else can a lumbar puncture be used for?

A

To deliver antibiotics or chemotherapy medication directly to the CSF fluid in your spine

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8
Q

Intracranial infections/inflammation

A

Meningitis, encephalitis

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9
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges - bacterial or viral

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10
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain - majority of causes are related to childhood diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox

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11
Q

Meningococcal disease can cause septicaemia, true or false?

A

True

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12
Q

High risk groups for meningitis

A

Children under 5 years, teenagers, young adults, students in first year tertiary accommodation

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13
Q

The nervous system is limited in the way in which it can respond to injury, true or false?

A

True

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14
Q

Like other infections, the causative agent…

A

Needs to be found

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15
Q

More severe form of meningitis which is a medical emergency

A

Bacterial meningitis

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16
Q

What is the key to a successful outcome in a patient with bacterial meningitis?

A

Find the causative agent quickly, administer antibiotics promptly

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17
Q

The infective process of bacterial meningitis

A

Inflammation, exudation, white blood cell accumulation, varying degrees of tissue damage

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18
Q

What is meningococcal disease caused by?

A

Bacterium Neisseria meningitidis

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19
Q

What should be suspected in a child with fever, seizures, irritability and decrease in consciousness?

A

Encephalitis

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20
Q

Mortality rate for HSV encephalitis if untreated

A

70%, reduced to 20% if treated

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21
Q

High risk groups for encephalitis

A

Younger children

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22
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Disorder of CNS including brain, spinal cord and optic nerves

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23
Q

Multiple sclerosis refers to multiple scarring scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord, true or false?

A

True

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24
Q

What is the typical damage in multiple sclerosis referred to as?

A

Demyelination

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25
Q

In young adults, what age do symptoms of multiple sclerosis usually appear?

A

Between 20 and 50, peak in early 30’s. New Zealand current average age is 37

26
Q

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

A

Autoimmune disorder affecting the nervous system

27
Q

When does onset of Guillain-Barré syndrome usually begin?

A

Within 10 days of the primary infection

28
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare condition affecting 40 to 100 New Zealander’s each year, true or false?

A

True

29
Q

What are the high risk groups for Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Elderly, more commonly men

30
Q

Symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, numbness or tingling in arms, legs, face and other parts of body. Complete paralysis in severe cases

31
Q

What is the exact cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Unknown, but it seems to occur after a viral or bacterial infection

32
Q

Pathophysiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Inflammation and oedema with rapid demyelination and compression of nerve roots within the dural sheath

33
Q

What are the three phases of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Acute, plateau, recovery

34
Q

If the acute phase lasts too long, what can happen?

A

The respiratory muscles can become involved and intubation may be required

35
Q

Is Guillain-Barré fatal?

A

Yes, your body’s immune system begins attacking your nerves

36
Q

Epilepsy

A

Chronic disorder characterised by recurring seizures

37
Q

What is important to learn if you have epilepsy?

A

Possible triggers for seizures such as stress, lack of sleep, drugs, alcohol, caffeine, light and sensory stimulation, emotions

38
Q

What age does epilepsy usually occur?

A

Often develops in childhood. However, it can occur to anybody at any age

39
Q

Everyone who has epilepsy was born with it, true or false?

A

False - it can develop during childhood or adulthood

40
Q

Epilepsy is genetic, what does this mean?

A

It is due to changes in the DNA that direct brain cell function

41
Q

What can epilepsy be due to?

A

Damage to brain cells such as after a head injury or illness such as a stroke

42
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Damage to the area of the brain that controls muscle tone, affecting movement and posture

43
Q

Is there a cure for cerebral palsy?

A

No

44
Q

Most cerebral palsy occurs as a result of factors prior to birth, however…

A

Little is known about these factors

45
Q

For 80% of people with cerebral palsy the cause is…

A

Unknown

46
Q

Does cerebral palsy worsen over time?

A

Generally, no. Some signs can worsen or improve overtime though

47
Q

People with cerebral palsy can also have

A

Visual, hearing, speech and intellectual impairments, and epilepsy

48
Q

Stroke

A

A disruption of blood flow to the brain

49
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Disruption of blood flow to parts of the brain

50
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Blood vessels in the brain break, flooding the brain and damaging brain cells

51
Q

What type of stroke is more common in children?

A

Ischemic stroke

52
Q

Why is an ischemic stroke more common in children?

A

Lack of oxygen at birth, heart defect, blood disorders such as sickle cell which destroys blood cells and blocks vessels, genetic disorders like Moyamoya, an infection such as meningitis, dehydration, injury to artery

53
Q

What is Moyamoya?

A

A rare disease that affects arteries in the brain

54
Q

What can cause a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

An aneurysm, head injury that causes a broken blood vessel, diseases that affect blood clotting such as hemophilia, arteriovenous malformation

55
Q

What is arteriovenous malformation?

A

A condition in which the blood vessels in the brain do not connect properly

56
Q

3 types of nerves that diabetic neuropathy can affect

A

Sensory, motor, autonomic

57
Q

Diabetic neuropathy can cause

A

Pain/numbness, usually to your feet

58
Q

Difference between a head injury and a traumatic brain injury

A

Head injury involved skull and scalp, TBI must involve brain

59
Q

What groups can experience a traumatic brain injury?

A

Anyone, at anytime

60
Q

The effects of traumatic brain injuries can be

A

Temporary or permanent

61
Q

Traumatic brain injury can range from

A

A mild concussion to severe (extended period of unconsciousness and/or memory loss after the injury)

Knowledge Exam (14 decks)

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