Neurology Flashcards
1
Q
- Sensation of motion, when there is no motion
- Tinnitus
- Hearing loss
- Nystagmus
- Nausea
- Onset can be sudden/gradual
A
Vertigo
2
Q
- Not feeling well rested upon waking up
- Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
- Stress
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Caffeine intake
- Psychiatric disorders
A
Insomnia
3
Q
- Complaint of pain lasting longer than 6-12 weeks
- Minimal relief with standard treatment
- History of having seen many clinicians
- Frequent use of several medications
- Symptoms frequently exceed signs
A
Chronic Pain Syndrome
4
Q
- Sensory disturbances
- Seizures
- Movement disorders
- Psychosis
- Fever
- Altered level of consciousness
- Neurological deficits
A
Encephalitis
5
Q
- High Fever
- Nuchal rigidity
- Altered mental status
- Photophobia/Phonophobia
- Headache, nausea, vomiting
- Delirium, convulsions
- Petechial rash on trunk of body
- Positive Kernig’s/Brudzinski’s
A
Meningitis
6
Q
- Sudden onset
- Half sided facial paralysis
- Ptosis
- Loss of nasolabial fold
- Drooping mouth
- Able to wrinkle only one side of forehead
- Hyperacusis (loss of taste)
- No other neurological abnormalities
A
Bell’s Palsy
7
Q
- Pain with back flexion or prolonged sitting
- Usually caused by bending or heavy lifting
- Weakness of plantar flexion or dorsiflexion
- Radicular pain into the leg due to compression of neural structures
- Lower extremity numbness and weakness
A
Lumbar Disk Herniation
8
Q
- Pain, burning, and tingling in the distribution of the median nerve
- Initially, most bothersome during sleep
- Late weakness or atrophy, especially of the thenar eminence
- Can be caused by repetitive activities using the wrist
- Commonly seen during pregnancy and in patients with diabetes mellitus or rheumatoid arthritis
A
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
9
Q
- Severe lower back pain
- Numbness, or tingling in the lower back and spreading down 1 or both legs
- Foot drop while walking
- Trauma to the lower spine
- Urinary retention or incontinence
- Saddle anesthesia
- Decreased anal sphincter tone
- Fecal incontinence
- Bilateral lower extremity weakness
- Neurological deficits
A
Cauda Equina Syndrome
10
Q
- Vise-like
- Bilateral
- Feel like tightness
- Constant daily headaches
- Pericranial tenderness
- Poor concentration
- Exacerbated by emotional stress, fatigue, noise, or glare
- Most intense at the neck and back of the head
A
Tension headache
11
Q
- Unilateral periorbital pain
- Episodes occur in clusters followed by a hiatus
- Ipsilateral nasal congestion
- Rhinorrhea
- Lacrimation
- Horner’s syndrome: ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
- Restless and agitation
- Last between 15min to 3 hours
A
Cluster Headache
12
Q
- Pulsatile or throbbing headache
- Lasting 4-72hrs
- Usually unilateral
- Nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia,
- Pain aggravated by routine physical activity
- Auras sometimes precede headache
- Visual disturbances
- Triggered by stress, lack of sleep, missed meals, specific foods, alcohol
A
Migraine
13
Q
- Hx of recent head injury
- Usually within 1-2 days following injury
- May worsen throughout the week then gradually subside
- Constant dull ache, throbbing may be localized, lateralized, or generalized
- Sometimes associated nausea, vomiting, and blind spots
- Often accompanied by impaired memory, poor concentration, emotional instability, and increased irritability
A
Post-traumatic Headache
14
Q
- Chronic daily headaches
- Unresponsive to medication
- Hx of taking NSAIDS regularly for < 3 months
- NSAIDS taken <10-15 days per month
A
Medication Overuse Headache
15
Q
- Uncontrolled jerking movements
- Confusion
- Facial grimacing, gesturing, lip smacking, chewing
- Repeating words or phrases
- Somnolence, headache that may occur for several hours
- Pt often have no recollection of event
- Weakness of limbs may occur
A
Seizures
16
Q
- Focal neurological deficit of acute onset
- Abrupt onset, rapid recovery
- Resolves within >24hrs
- Risk factors for vascular disease often present
- Weakness on one side of the body, vision problems, and slurred speech
- Dizziness or problems with balance or coordination
- Risk factors are HTN, atherosclerosis and age
- Carotid bruits
A
Transient Ischemic Attack
17
Q
- Sudden onset of neurological deficit of cerebrovascular origin
- Hx of HTN, DM, Smoking, A-Fib, and Atherosclerosis
- Carotid bruits
- Weakness on one side of the body, vision problems, and slurred speech
- Dizziness or problems with balance or coordination
A
Cerebral Vascular Accident
18
Q
- unpleasant or uncomfortable urge to move legs (occasionally arms)
- transiently relieved with movement
- “creeping, crawling, pins & needles feeling”
- worse during periods of rest or inactivity such as lying or sitting, particularly the evenings
A
Restless Leg Syndrome
19
Q
- Level of consciousness is depressed
- Stuporous pt respond only to repeated vigorous stimuli
- Comatose patients are unarousable and unresponsive.
A
Altered mental status
20
Q
- confusion, amnesia, disorientation
- Headache, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, nausea, vomiting
- Amnesia of the traumatic event itself and before and after
- May occur with or without loss of consciousness
- loss of concentration and memory recall
- Lack of recall or repetitious questioning should be red flags
- Mood/cognitive disturbance, light/noise sensitivity, sleep disturbance, irritability
A
Closed head injury to include aneurysm
21
Q
- Hx of preceding trauma
- Development of acute neurological deficit
- extreme weakness of muscles and loss of muscle tone
- loss of sensation
- reflexes are absent
- urinary and fecal retention
- paralysis of the legs
A
Spinal Cord Injury
22
Q
- Bradycardia
- Hypertension
- Respiratory irregularity
- Papilledema (optic disc swelling) may be present upon ophthalmoscopic examination
- Rapid decline in mental status
- dilated pupils or anisocoria
A
Intracranial Pressure
23
Q
- Sudden onset of severe headache
- “thunderclap” or “worst headache of my life”
- nuchal rigidity
- signs of meningeal irritation usually present
- headache, photophobia
- reduced level of consciousness
- Risk factors drug use HTN, smoking, alcohol
- Trauma is the most common cause
A
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
24
Q
- Rapid onset with exercise or gradual onset
- Headache, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness
- Hx of HTN
- Nausea, vomiting, neurological deficits,
A
Intracranial Hemorrhage
25
Q
- May or may not have history of head trauma
- Acute subdural hematoma presents 1-2 days after onset
- May have lucid interval after injury
- Chronic subdural hematoma presents 15 days or more after onset
- Focal neuro deficits
- headaches, nausea, vomiting, confusion, disorientation, dizziness, imbalance, light headedness, cognitive impairment, apathy, somnolence
A
Subdural Hematoma
26
Q
- Headache
- Confusion
- Somnolence
- Seizures
- Focal deficits
- Lucid interval (no sx)
- Respiratory depression
A
Epidural Hemorrhage
27
Q
- Scalp will bleed profusely, must clean well
- Presence of soft tissue swelling, hematoma, palpable fracture, crepitus
- Signs of basilar skull fracture
- Battle sign
- “Raccoon” eyes
- Hemotympanum
- CSF rhinorrhea/otorrhea
- Cranial nerve deficits
A
Basilar Skull Fracture
28
Q
- confusion
- amnesia
- may occur with or without loss of consciousness
- may be immediately apparent or delayed by several minutes
- lack of recall or repetitious questioning should be red flags
- headache, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, nausea, vomiting
- mood/cognitive disturbance, light/noise sensitivity, sleep disturbance
A
closed head injury to include aneurysm
29
Q
- Level of consciousness is depressed.
- Stuporous patients respond only to repeated vigorous stimuli.
- Comatose patients are unarousable and unresponsive.
- Can be caused by Seizures, Hypothermia, Metabolic disturbances, lesions in the brain
A
Altered mental status
30
Q
- Usually due to bending or heavy lifting
- Pain with back flexion or prolonged sitting
- Radicular pain into the leg due to compression of neural structures
- Lower extremity numbness and weakness
- Pain with back flexion or prolonged sitting
A
Radiculopathy
