Cardiology

Question 1

• Hx of smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, high sodium diet, excessive alcohol, frequently taking NSAIDS
• Blood pressure must be elevated on 3 separate visits
• Cause of elevated BP is unknown

Answer 1

Essential Hypertension

Question 2

• Hx of smoking, obesity, high sodium diet, excessive alcohol, frequently taking NSAIDS
• Blood pressure must be elevated on 3 separate visits
• Identifiable cause for elevated BP

Answer 2

Secondary Hypertension

Question 3

• SBP <220/ DBP <125
• Severely elevated BP with NO sx or signs of end organ damage

Answer 3

Hypertensive Urgency

Question 4

• Signs of END ORGAN DAMAGE
• DBP <130
• Protein or blood in the urine
• Mental status changes, confusion, headache

Answer 4

Hypertensive Emergency

Question 5

• Hx of obesity, smoking, HTN, HLD, DM, FMHx physical inactivity
• Chest pain w/ exercise
• Cramping while walking, SOB, elevated BP, diaphoresis

Answer 5

Atherosclerotic Disease

Question 6

• Claudication (cramping pain when walking relieved by rest)
• Decreased pulses in lower extremities
• Risk factors: Smoker, DM
• Legs are cold, hairless, atrophy of muscles

Answer 6

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Question 7

• A-Fib on EKG
• Hx of claudication
• Numbness
• Pain
• Pallor
• Poikilothermic
• Pulselessness
• Paralysis

Answer 7

Acute Arterial Occlusion of a Limb

Question 8

• Hx of obesity, HTN, DM
• Xanthomas on the eyes
• High Triglyceride level

Answer 8

Hyperlipidemia

Question 9

• Chest pain/tightness
• SOB
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• ST elevation on EKG

Answer 9

AMI/ STEMI

Question 10

Chest pain relieved with rest

Answer 10

Stable Angina

Question 11

Chest pain not relieved while resting

Answer 11

Unstable Angina

Question 12

Unexplained chest pain without CAD

Answer 12

Prinzmetal’s Angina

Question 13

• Substernal chest pain
• Diffused chest pain
• Crushing chest pain, “elephant sitting on my chest”
• Radiates to left shoulder
• Occurs at rest or morning
• Diaphoresis
• Dyspnea
• Levine’s sign
• New heart murmur

Answer 13

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Question 14

• Chest pain/tightness
• SOB
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• ST depression on EKG

Answer 14

NSTEMI

Question 15

• Sudden severe chest pain
• Feels like “ripping or tearing”
• Radiating to back or shoulder
• HTN
• Syncope
• Murmur
• Diminished/unequal peripheral pulses

Answer 15

Aortic Dissection

Question 16

• Anterior chest pain that is worse supine than upright
• Sharp substernal chest pain
• Fever
• Pericardial friction rub
• pain relieved with leaning forward
• Recent illness

Answer 16

Pericarditis

Question 17

• Low fever out of proportion to HR
• Sinus tachycardia
• Chest pain
• Friction rub
• Fatigue/exercise intolerance
• Often follows an upper respiratory infection

Answer 17

Myocarditis

Question 18

• Fever
• Murmur
• Splinter hemorrhages, painful petechia

Answer 18

Endocarditis

Question 19

• Dyspnea
• Decreased S1/murmur
• Chronic cough
• Decreased exercise tolerance
• Faitgue
• Fluid retention/pitting edema
• Orthopnea
• JVD
• HTN

Answer 19

Congestive Heart Failure

Question 20

• Chest pain
• Muffled heart sounds
• JVD
• Hypotension
• Unresponsive to fluids
• Tachy HR
• Tachy RR
• paradoxical pulses

Answer 20

Pericardial Tamponade

Question 21

• Chest pain
• Blunt force trauma to the chest
• Tachy HR is disproportionate to pain
• Commonly from MVA airbag

Answer 21

Cardiac Contusion

Question 22

• Unilateral leg swelling
• Positive Homan’s sign
• Immobilization
• Recent hospitalization/surgery
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Oral birth control

Answer 22

DVT

Question 23

• Chest pain
• Tachy RR
• Tachy HR
• Low O2
• SOB
• Unilateral leg swelling
• Signs of DVT

Answer 23

Pulmonary Embolism