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Y2 BRS Neurology > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons which bundle together to form tracts

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2
Q

What is grey matter contain?

A

Neuronal cell bodies and glial cells (e.g. astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells)

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3
Q

What divides the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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4
Q

What divides the parietal and occipital lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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5
Q

What divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal?

A

Lateral fissure

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6
Q

What are the types of cerebral cortices?

A

Primary and secondary/association

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7
Q

What motor areas are in the frontal lobe?

A

Primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area and premotor area.

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8
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Adjusting social behaviour
  3. Planning
  4. Personality
    5, Decision making
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9
Q

What can frontal lobe lesions cause?

A
  1. Personality changes
  2. Impaired restraint/inappropriate behaviour
  3. Inability to plan actions
  4. Repetition of same behaviour
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10
Q

What are the key regions in the temporal lobe?

A
  1. Temporal association cortex
  2. Primary auditory cortex
  3. Auditory association cortex
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11
Q

What does the temporal association cortex do?

A

Recognition and identification of stimuli, particularly those that are relatively complex

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12
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do?

A

Processes auditory stimuli

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13
Q

What does the auditory association cortex do?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

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14
Q

What can damage to either temporal lobe cause?

A

Agnosia

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15
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Difficulty recognizing, identifying, and naming different categories of objects

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16
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to identify familiar individuals by their facial characteristics, and in some cases cannot recognise a face at all (inability to learn new faces)

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17
Q

What can damage to the inferior temporal cortex (fusiform gyrus) cause?

A

Prosopagnosia

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18
Q

What can a lesion of the right temporal cortex cause?

A

Agnosia for faces and objects

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19
Q

What can a lesion of the corresponding regions of the left temporal cortex?

A

Difficulties with language-related material

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20
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories

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21
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty retrieving memories established prior to the neuropathology

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22
Q

What can lead to anterograde amnesia?

A

Damage to or resection of (e.g. to cure epilepsy) anterior medial temporal lobe structures (particularly the hippocampus)

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23
Q

What can damage to or resection of (e.g. to cure epilepsy) anterior medial temporal lobe structures (particularly the hippocampus) cause?

A

Anterograde amnesia

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24
Q

What key areas are within the occipital lobe?

A
  1. Primary visual cortex

2. Visual association cortex

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25
Q

What does the primary visual cortex do?

A

Processes visualstimuli

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26
Q

What does the visual association cortex do?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of visual input?

27
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

Production of language

28
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

Understanding of language

29
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Frontal association cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere

30
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Temporal association cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere

31
Q

What is colour agnosia?

A

Inability to recognise colours

32
Q

What is inability to recognise colours?

A

Colour agnosia

33
Q

What can a lesion to Broca’s or Wernicke’s area cause?

A

Aphasia

34
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Inability to comprehend and/or to produce language

35
Q

What can a lesion to Broca’s area cause?

A

Expressive aphasia

36
Q

What is expressive aphasia?

A

Poor production of speech, comprehension intact

37
Q

What can a lesion to Wernicke’s area cause?

A

Receptive aphasia

38
Q

What is receptive aphasia?

A

Poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

39
Q

What does the limbic lobe include?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Mamillary body
  4. Cingulate gyrus
40
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A
  1. Learning
  2. Memory
  3. Emotion
  4. Motivation
  5. Reward
41
Q

Where do you find the insular cortex?

A

Lies deep within lateral fissure

42
Q

What is the function of the insular cortex?

A
  1. Visceral sensations
  2. Autonomic control
  3. Interoception
  4. Auditory processing
  5. Visual-vestibular integration
43
Q

What do association fibres connect?

A

Connect areas within the same hemisphere

44
Q

What are the two types of association fibres?

A

Short and long fibres

45
Q

What are the four long fibres?

A
  1. Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
  2. Arcuate Fasciculus
  3. Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
  4. Uncinate Fasciculus
46
Q

What does the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus connect?

A

Frontal and occipital lobes

47
Q

What does the Arcuate Fasciculus connect?

A

Frontal and temporal lobes

48
Q

What does the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus connect?

A

Temporal and occipital lobes

49
Q

What does the Uncinate Fasciculus connect?

A

Anterior frontal and temporal lobes

50
Q

What do commissural fibres connect?

A

Homologous structures in left and right hemispheres

51
Q

What do projection fibres connect?

A

Cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

52
Q

What are two main sources of blood supply to the brain?

A 
Vertebral arteries (posteriorly) 
Internal carotid arteries (anteriorly)
53
Q

What are the types of intracranial haemorrhage?

A
  1. Extradural
  2. Subdural
  3. Subarachnoid
  4. Intracerebral
54
Q

Why are extradural haemorrhages more rapid onset than subdural haemorrhages?

A

Extradural haemorrhages are caused by rupture of a meningeal ARTERY (high pressure) whereas subdural haemorrhages are caused by rupture of veins in the skull.

55
Q

Which of extradural and subdural haemorrhages are more rapid onset?

A

Extradural

56
Q

Define stroke

A

Rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin and of >24 hours duration

57
Q

Define Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)

A

Rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin that resolves completely within 24 hours

58
Q

Define infarction

A

Degenerative changes which occur in tissue following occlusion of an artery

59
Q

Define cerebral ischaemia

A

Lack of sufficient blood supply to nervous tissue resulting in permanent damage if blood flow is not restored quickly

60
Q

State two causes of vessel occlusion

A
  1. Thrombosis

2. Embolism

61
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus)

62
Q

What is embolism?

A

Plugging of small vessel by material carried from larger vessel e.g. thrombi from the heart or atherosclerotic debris from the internal carotid

63
Q

What are the first factors for a stroke?

A
  1. Age
  2. Hypertension
  3. High cholesterol
  4. Cardiac disease
  5. Smoking
  6. Atrial fibrillation
  7. Diabetes mellitus

Y2 BRS Neurology (7 decks)

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