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Health Assessment > Neurological system > Flashcards

Neurological system Flashcards

1
Q

The neurological system

A

This is responsible for interpreting all sensory and motor functioning in the body.

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2
Q

The brain is broken down into:

A
    • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
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3
Q

Frontal lobes

A
  • Concentration
  • Memory (storage)
  • Motor function
  • Broca’s area of speech
  • Affect
  • Personality
  • Judgement
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4
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Sensory awareness
Orientation
Spatial awareness

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5
Q

Temporal lobes

A
  • Somatization
  • Integration & Interpretation of sensory information especially auditory (hearing)
  • Major role in thinking process
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6
Q

Occipital lobes

A
  • Sensory

- Visual intepretation

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7
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Relay station for all sensory input except smell
  • All memory
  • Sensation
  • Pain
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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Hunger /appetite
  • Sleep/wake cycles
  • Emotional responses
  • Sexual behavior
  • Regulates the endocrine system (pituitary gland)
  • Growth
  • Blood pressure
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9
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Controls movement
  • Fine movement
  • Balance position
  • Proprioception (sense of where each body part is)
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10
Q

Brain stem

A

– Mid brain
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
(-) Autonomic system - controls heart rate, breathing, temperature

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11
Q

Structures protecting the brain

A
  • Occipital bone
  • Parietal bones
  • Temporal
  • Sphenoid
  • Frontal
  • Nasal
  • Zygomatic
  • Maxilla
  • mandible
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12
Q

Meninges

A

Fibrous connect tissue

- Dura mater  - - Arachnoid (production of cerebrospinal fluid 
 - Pia mater

Cerebrospinal fluid
- Consists of the same components as blood plasma

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13
Q

Spinal cord

A

Serves as a relay station for sensory and motor stimulation from the periphery

Consists of gray and white matter

Is surrounded by meninges and protected by the vertebral column

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14
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A

This measures the patient’s level of consciousness or awakeness.

EYE OPENING

  • Spontaneous eye opening 4
  • Speech 3
  • Pain 2
  • No response 1

BEST VERBAL RESPONSE

  • Oriented to time, place and person 5
  • Confused 4
  • Inappropriate words 3
  • Incomprehensible sounds 2
  • No response

MOTOR RESPONSE

- Obeys commands 6
- Moves to localized pain 5
- Withdraws from pain (flexion) 4
- Abnormal flexion (decorticate) 3
- Abnormal extension (decerebrate) 2 
- None 1

8 or less = coma

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15
Q

Graphesthesia

A

is the ability to recognize symbols when they’re traced on the skin.

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16
Q

Paresthesia

A

refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body

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17
Q

Assessment

A 
Examine the 12 cranial  nerves 
Examine the motor nerves 
  - Romberg test: measures your sense of balance
   - Heel to toe shine test
Discrimination with eyes closed
   - Light touch
   - sharp
   - Dull
   - Vibration
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18
Q

Reflex

A

an unplanned and involuntary movement or reaction in response to environmental stimuli

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19
Q

Reflex arc

A

A neural pathway that controls a reflex, where a nerve impulse travels to the synapse of the spinal cord

This allows faster actions by activating spinal motor
neurons without the delay of sending signals to the
brain

20
Q

How does the reflex arc function?

A
  1. A stimulus activates the receptors of the skin or mucous membrane.
  2. This then activates a sensory neuron which relays an electrical impulse towards the spinal cord via a relay neuron
  3. Spinal cord process the information and sends an electrical impulse to a motor neuron to facilitate a specific action at an effector
21
Q

Superficial reflexes

A

Reflexes are initiated when receptors on the surface of the skin, mucous membranes are stimulated

22
Q

Examples of the superficial reflexes

A
  • Corneal
  • Pupillary light reflex
  • Swallowing reflex
  • Pharyngeal
  • Cough
  • Abdominal
  • Cremasteric
23
Q

Deep tendon reflexes

A

Reflexes are elicited from deeper structures (tendons) beneath the skin

Examines the stretch reflex of muscles
- automatic stretch of the muscle that occurs when the muscle tendon is percussed or struck

Examine the integrity of the motor system

24
Q

Examples of deep tendon reflexes

A
  • Bicep reflex
    (-) examines C5 and C6
  • Brachioradialis reflex
    (-) examines C5 and C6
  • Triceps reflex
    (-) examines C7 and C8
  • Patellar reflex
    (-) examines L2 and L4
  • Achilles reflex
    (-) examines L4, L5, S1 and S2
  • Plantar
25
Q

Abnormal reflex

A

Positive Babinski

- however normal in infants up to 24 months

26
Q

Baby reflexes

A
  • sucking reflex
  • grasp reflex
  • rooting reflex
  • stepping reflex
  • startle reflex
27
Q

Astereognosis

A

Inability to recognize form of object by touch

28
Q

Hypalgesia

A

decreased pain sensation

29
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to perform learned movements despite having the desire and physical ability to perform them

30
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of coordination or movement

31
Q

Nystagmus

A

Jerking or bobbing of eyes as they track moving object

32
Q

In the voluntary division, fibers that connect the CNS to __________________
facilitate__________________ in response to stimuli.

A
  1. Somatic nerves

2. Reflex

33
Q

The brain is a network or _________________________ that control and integrate the body’s
activities.

A

System

34
Q

Cell bodies are on the __________________(gray matter or cerebral cortex), while axons that connect
to other parts of the nervous system( white matter or brain tissue)________________ of the brain.

A
  1. neuron

2. Subcortical

35
Q

Neurons communicate with each other at ___________________________ .

A

Synapses

36
Q

Controls motor function on the opposite side of the body.

A

hemispheres

37
Q

Receives input on the sensory function, including temperature, touch, pressure, and pain, also from
the opposite side of the body.

A

Parietal lobe/ thalmus

38
Q

Is responsible for visual imaging, auditory processing and language comprehension.

A

Temporal lobe

39
Q

Is responsible for complex cognition: language and voluntary motor function

A

Frontal lobe

40
Q

Recognizes size, shape and texture of objects.

A

Parietal lobe

41
Q

Serves as the primary visual area.

A

Occipital lobe

42
Q

Registers auditory input and is responsible for hearing speech, behavior and memory.

A

Temporal lobe

43
Q

Explain why sensations from the right side of the body are dealt with on the left side of the brain.

A

The brain is divided into symmetrical left and right hemispheres. Each hemisphere is in charge of the opposite side of the body, so your right brain controls your left side. The right hemisphere also takes in sensory input from your left side and vice versa

44
Q

Discuss the dermatomes and what part of the body they cover

A

A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are 8 cervical nerves (note C1 has with no dermatome), 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves and 5 sacral nerves. Each of these spinal nerves relay sensation from a particular region of the skin to the brain

45
Q

Discuss what the reflexes are and made a brief statement for what they do

A

A reflex is an involuntary movement or reaction to stimuli . The reflexes are divided into superficial reflexes and deep tendon reflexes. Superficial reflexes when receptors on the skin and mucous membranes are stimulated whilst deep tendon reflexes are elicited from deeper structures within the body (tendons).

Health Assessment (11 decks)

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