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621: Surface Anatomy & Exam Techniques > Neurological History and Examination > Flashcards

Neurological History and Examination Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

paralysis of the upper limb, lower limb, and trunk on the same side of the body

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of hemiplegia?

A

stroke

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3
Q

Signs and Symptoms of hemiplegia

A
  • Difficulty with gait
  • Difficulty with balance while standing or walking
  • Difficulty with motor activities like holding, grasping or pinching
  • Increasing stiffness (could be spasticity) of muscles
  • Muscle spasms
  • Abnormal mental development in children
  • Behavior problems like anxiety, anger, irritability, lack of concentration or comprehension
  • Depression
  • Shoulder pain
  • Shoulder Subluxation
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4
Q

6 Characteristics of Parkinsonism

A

1) Resting Tremors
2) Rigidity
3) Akinesia
4) Postural Instability
5) Facial Expression changes such as staring, lack of blinking, difficulty smiling
6) Softening of the voice

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5
Q

what is Akinesia?

A

Lack of movement or a difficulty initiating movement

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6
Q

What is Ataxia?

A

is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements

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7
Q

What is asynergy?

A

defective or absent coordination between muscles, limbs or joints, resulting in a loss in movement or speed

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8
Q

What is Dyschronometria?

A

an impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements

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9
Q

What is Dysarthria?

A

a motor speech disorder characterized by poor speech articulation

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10
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

difficulty in swallowing

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11
Q

What is Hypotonia?

A

a state of low muscle tone

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12
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

a lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or overshoot of intended position with the hand, arm, leg, or eye

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13
Q

What is Asthenia?

A

a condition in which the body lacks or has lost strength either as a whole or in any of its parts

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14
Q

What is myopathy?

A

a muscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function resulting in muscular weakness

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15
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

damage or disease involving nerves, which may affect sensation, movement, gland or organ function and other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected

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16
Q

What type of sensory loss is sometimes seen in a peripheral neuropathy?

A

“Sock and Glove”

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17
Q

What is Diplegia?

A

paralysis affecting symmetrical parts of the body

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18
Q

Diplegia is most commonly seen in what type of patient?

A

Children, especially those with Cerebral Palsy

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19
Q

What is chorea?

A

a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by abnormal involuntary movements

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20
Q

Persons with ataxia will have difficulty with what type of gait?

A

tandem walking

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21
Q

What is dysphonia?

A

impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds

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22
Q

What is aphasia?

A

disturbance of the comprehension and formulation of language

23
Q

Describe a cerebellar tremor

A

slow, broad tremor of the extremities that occurs at the end of a purposeful movement, such as trying to press a button or touching a finger to the tip of one’s nose

24
Q

What is the most common type of tremor?

A

essential tremor

25
Q

A Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) score greater than __ out of 30 is considered normal cognition. Anything below this indicates impariment

A

25

26
Q

Is there weakness associated with UMN lesions? What about LMN lesions?

A

Yes, both exhibit weakness

27
Q

Is there atrophy associated with UMN lesions? What about LMN lesions?

A

Not in UMN Lesions

Atrophy occurs in LMN lesions

28
Q

Are fasciculations associated with UMN lesions? What about LMN lesions?

A

Not in UMN Lesions, but they do occur in LMN lesions

29
Q

Do reflexes increase or decrease with UMN lesions? What about LMN lesions?

A

Reflexes increase in UMN lesions, but they decrease in LMN lesions

30
Q

Does tone increase or decrease with UMN lesions? What about LMN lesions?

A

Tone increases with UMN lesions, but it decrease in LMN lesions

31
Q

Where do lesions occur in expressive aphasia? Where do they occur in receptive aphasia

A

Expressive aphasia have lesions in the frontal lobe

Receptive aphasia have lesions in the temporal lobe

32
Q

Expressive aphasia is aka what?

A

Broca’s aphasia

33
Q

Receptive aphasia is aka what?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

34
Q

Compare and contrast Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia is associated with decreased speech output.

Wernicke’s aphasia is associated with the inability to grasp the meaning of speech

35
Q

How is coordination evaluated?

A

By testing the patient’s ability to perform rapidly alternating and point-to-point movements correctly

36
Q

How many standing positions are there to test standing balance?

A

12

37
Q

A sensory exam should test for what 6 things?

A
  • pain sensation (pin prick)
  • light touch sensation (brush)
  • position sense (proprioception)
  • stereognosia (ability to recognize items)
  • graphesthesia (recognize writing on skin)
  • extinction
38
Q

What 3 things most commonly cause sensory disturbances?

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • thiamine deficiency
  • neurotoxin damage
39
Q

Upper motor neuron weakness is due to damage to what?

A

the descending motor tracts

40
Q

Lower motor neuron weakness is due to damage of what?

A

the anterior horn cells or their axons

41
Q

The jaw reflex tests what cranial nerve?

A

Trigemina (CN V)

42
Q

The biceps reflex tests what vertebral segment?

A

C5, C6

43
Q

The brachioradialis reflex tests what vertebral segment?

A

C6

44
Q

The triceps reflex tests what vertebral segment?

A

C7

45
Q

The finger flexor reflex tests what vertebral segment?

A

C8

46
Q

The knee jerk reflex tests what vertebral segment?

A

L3, L4

47
Q

The ankle jerk reflex tests what vertebral segment?

A

S1

48
Q

What occurs when testing abdominal reflexes?

A

The abdominals contract and the umbilicus deviates toward the stimulus

49
Q

What occurs when testing plantar (Babinski’s) reflexes?

A

The toes downwardly contract as an object is scraped across the sole of the foot beginning from the heel, moving forward toward the small toe, and then arcing medially toward the big toe

50
Q

What occurs when testing cremasteric reflex?

A

The cremaster muscle pulls up the testis on the side stroked

51
Q

What occurs when testing the “anal wink” reflex?

A

The anal sphincter contracts when the skin near to anal opening is scratched

52
Q

Hypertonia is seen in ____ motor neuron leasions

A

upper

53
Q

If reflexes seem hyperactive what should you test next?

A

The ankle for clonus

621: Surface Anatomy & Exam Techniques (13 decks)

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