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Pathophysiology > Neurological Function > Flashcards

Neurological Function Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ nervous system contains the cranial nerves which innervate the face, throat, as well as the heart

A

Peripheral

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system brings sensory information from the ____ to the ____

A

Outside to the inside

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3
Q

The _____ nervous system is the bulk of the nervous system and controls things like walking and talking

A

Somatic

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4
Q

The _____ nervous system controls things like the heart and breathing

A

Autonomic

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5
Q

____ are specialized cells of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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6
Q

The role of neurons is to pass on ____ by action potentials and chemical messengers

A

Information

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7
Q

Neurons also receive information and then send out information to control all ___ ___ and ____

A

Body processes and functions

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8
Q

We have 100s of thousands of neurons in the ___ and ___ ___

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Some neurons may receive a signal and send it to ____ neuron, while some may receive a signal and send it to many

A

1

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10
Q

There is a lot of ____ in the central nervous system

A

Variability

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11
Q

Neurons requires lots of ____ and ____ to keep up with their higher energy demand

A

Glucose and oxygen

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12
Q

Neurons do not require ____ to take up glucose

A

Insulin

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13
Q

Neurons do not go through mitosis except for ____ neurons

A

Olfactory

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14
Q

Most of the neurons we have are neurons we were _____ with

A

Born

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15
Q

Children with brain stem damage might have new ____ forming to replace damage

A

Neurons

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16
Q

_____ are sensory nerve routes and are the cell bodies of the neurons

A

Ganglia

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17
Q

Ganglia also exists outside of the ___ ___ ___

A

Central nervous system

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18
Q

____ is a group of axons that travel in the central nervous system together

A

Plexus

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19
Q

____ are long extensions that carry the signal down the neuron to another neuron

A

Axons

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20
Q

____ is a high lipid wrap of the axon that keeps action potentials inside the axon

A

Myelin

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21
Q

___ ___ ___ are gaps in the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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22
Q

_____ neurons bring information from the outside world or distal parts of the body into the central nervous system into the brain to be processed

A

Sensory (afferent)

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23
Q

_____ pass signals between two neurons or pathways

A

Interneurons

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24
Q

_____ neurons allow us to have movement, innervate muscle/gut, and autonomic nervous system (heart and lungs)

A

Motor (efferent)

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25
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons travel from the ____ to the ___

A

Brain; body

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26
Q

____ is the connective tissue of the nervous system and consists of several types of neurons

A

Neuroglia

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27
Q

____ are very important for the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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28
Q

Astrocytes sit on top of the ___ ___

A

Blood vessel

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29
Q

Astrocytes allow control of what gets into the ____ ____ (glucose, electrolytes, etc)

A

Nervous system

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30
Q

Astrocytes suck up any extra ____

A

Neurotransmitter

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31
Q

Astrocytes may also provide ____ support

A

Structural

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32
Q

_____ extend the membrane out to make myelin in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendroglia

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33
Q

_____ are resident immune cells that reside in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system

A

Microglia

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34
Q

Microglia are ____

A

Macrophages

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35
Q

Microglia can move across tissue to dead tissue in the brain or somewhere else and can perform ____

A

Phagocytosis

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36
Q

Microglia can cause ___ ___ formation and can also clean up extracellular debris

A

Scar tissue

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37
Q

______ cells line the internal cavities of the central nervous system

A

Ependymal

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38
Q

Ependymal cells are active and secret things like waste product into the _____ ____

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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39
Q

Ependymal cells are ____ cells that help to keep cerebrospinal fluid moving

A

Ciliated

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40
Q

_____ cells are oligodendrocytes of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann

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41
Q

Schwann cells wrap membranes to ____ axons in the peripheral nervous system to keep the insulated

A

Myelinate

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42
Q

White matter is another term for ____

A

Golgi

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43
Q

White matter is made up of ____

A

Axons

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44
Q

____ matter contains cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals

A

Grey

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45
Q

____ ____ are the way that neurons communicate (resting membrane potential, action potential, repolarization)

A

Action potentials

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46
Q

____ ____ ____ make it less likely that a signal is going to get passed on

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

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47
Q

____ ____ ____ make it more likely that the signal is going to get passed on

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

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48
Q

A ____, also known as a neural junction, is the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector)

A

Synapse

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49
Q

The synaptic ____ is the gap between pre- and post-synaptic cells

A

Cleft

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50
Q

A _____ is a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

A

Neurotransmitter

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51
Q

There are ____ criteria that define a neurotransmitter

A

5

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52
Q

Neurotransmitters can be ____ or _____

A

Inhibitory or excitatory

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53
Q

Neurotransmitters are classified by ____

A

Structure

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54
Q

What are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A

-Acetylcholine (ANS)
-Norepinephrine (cholinergic component of the ANS)
-Serotonin (sleep)
-Dopamine (precursor to norepi or epi)
-Histamine (mast cells, stomach)
-Glutamate (excitatory)

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55
Q

The ____ is the protective layer of the central nervous system

A

Skull

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56
Q

The skull does not allow for ____ of the brain in adults (it is not fully formed at birth which allows the baby’s skull to move together to allow the baby out of the birth canal)

A

Swelling

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57
Q

____ are the soft spots on an infant’s head where the bony plates that make up the skull have not yet come together.

A

Fontanelles

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58
Q

The posterior fontanelle closes around ___ months of life

A

3

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59
Q

The posterior fontanelle closes around ___ months of life

A

3

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60
Q

The anterior fontanelle closes around ___-___ months of life

A

20-24

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61
Q

Solid union of sutures is formed by ___ ___ of age and becomes a “box” of bone which is why it is bad when the brain swells

A

12 years

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62
Q

The ____ _____ ____ is also known as the extrathalmic control modulatory system

A

Reticular activating system

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63
Q

What are the areas of the reticular activating system?

A

-Ascending tracts
-Reticular formation (brainstem: midbrain)
-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Coretx

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64
Q

What are the functions of the reticular activating system?

A

-Maintain consciousness
-Sleep/wakefulness

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65
Q

The reticular activating system uses ____ to drive sleep

A

Serotonin

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66
Q

The reticular activating system uses what neurotransmitters to drive wakefulness?

A

-Acetylcholine
-Possibly glutamate
-Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

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67
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum/cortex (left and right)?

A

-Frontal lobe
-Parietal lobe
-Occipital lobe
-Temporal lobe

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68
Q

What are the areas of the frontal lobe?

A

-Prefrontal areas to the precentral gyrus
-Primary motor area (aka primary motor strip)
-Broca’s area

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69
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal area of the frontal lobe?

A

-Abstract thought
-Short-term memory
-Emotions
-Inhibition
-Goal-oriented behavior
-“Pre-motor”

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70
Q

What is the function of the primary motor area of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor movement

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71
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor component of speech

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72
Q

What is the area of the parietal lobe?

A

Postcentral gyrus to occipital lobe (above the temporal lobe)

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73
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe:

A

-Primary sensory area (primary sensory strip, postcentral gyrus)
-Sensory function (where the sensory neurons end and where sensory information is processed)
-Doral stream of vision

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74
Q

What is the area of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual association area

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75
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

-Vision/visual association

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76
Q

What are the areas of the temporal lobe?

A

-Primary auditory cortex
-Wernicke’s area
-Amygdala (incredibly important for memory and very sensitive to hypoxia)
-Hippocampus
-Ventral stream of vision

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77
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe:

A

-Processing of sound (including language)
-Auditory association
-Long-term memory
-Declarative (conscious) memory
-Visual association

78
Q

What are three tracks of the central nervous system?

A

-Corpus callosum
-Basal ganglia
-Limbic system

79
Q

The corpus callosum is made up of the…

A

Axons between two hemispheres

80
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

-Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain (if disconnected early in childhood, it may be able to be reattached)

81
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

-Relay station
-Information is processed here and sent above the upper part of the brain

82
Q

What are the areas of the limbic system?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Olfactory bulbs
-Hypothalamus
-Thalamus
-Amygdala
-Hippocampus
-Fornix
-Others

83
Q

Functions of the limbic system:

A

-Feeding response
-Temperature regulation
-Sexual behavior
-Physical expression of emotion
-Memory and learning (due to hippocampus)
-Attention, emotion, and social processing (due to amygdala)

84
Q

What are the three components of the brain stem?

A

-Midbrain
-Pons
-Medulla

85
Q

What are the areas of the midbrain?

A

-Top of brain stem
-Red nuclei
-Substantial nigra
-Cranial nerves III-IV
-Cerebral aquaduct/aquaduct of sylbius (how cerebral spinal fluid gets out of the brain)

86
Q

Functions of the midbrain:

A

-Modifies motor function
-Eye movement
-Drains cerebrospinal fluid

87
Q

The midbrain receives input from the ___ and ___ ___ and sends modified impulses down the spinal cord

A

Cerebellum, motor cortex

88
Q

What are the areas of the pons?

A

-Between midbrain and the medulla
-Cranial nerve V-VIII

89
Q

What are the functions are the pons?

A

-Respiration
-Swallowing
-Bladder control
-Hearing
-Equilibrium
-Taste
-Eye movement
-Facial expressions/movement and sensation

90
Q

Areas of the medulla:

A

-Connects the pons and the spinal cord
-Cranial nerve IX-XII
-Descending pathways (motor) and some ascending pathways cross here

91
Q

Functions of the medulla:

A

-Heart rate (vagus nerve)
-Modifies respiration
-Blood pressure
-Coughing
-Sneezing
-Vomiting (area postremia)

92
Q

Area of the cerebellum:

A

Connected to the brainstem

93
Q

Functions of the cerebellum:

A

-Coordinates motor movement
-Provides neuronal input

94
Q

The ____ is a column of bones that protect the spinal column

A

Spine

95
Q

____ is a “cage” of bone that fits around the spinal cord

A

Vertebrae

96
Q

There are ___ cervical vertebrae; they are smaller in size

A

7

97
Q

There are ___ thoracic vertebrae that are larger and more stable than cervical vertebrae because the ribs hold them in place

A

12

98
Q

There are ____ lumbar vertebrae; these are the largest of the vertebrae

A

5

99
Q

There are ____ sacral vertebrae; these bones fuse as an adult

A

5

100
Q

The ____ starts as 4 bones in childhood, but becomes one as an adult

A

Coccyx

101
Q

The ____ is the first vertebra and is named because it supports the head

A

Atlas

102
Q

The ____ is the second vertebrae (Odontoid process)

A

Axis

103
Q

There are ____ sets of nerves off the spinal cord

A

31

104
Q

Ventral root fibers are the axons of ____ neurons

A

Efferent

105
Q

Efferent neurons are ____ neurons and go from the brain to the periphery

A

Motor

106
Q

Dorsal root fibers are the axons of ____ neurons

A

Afferent (sensory)

107
Q

Afferent neurons are _____ neurons and go from the periphery to the brain

A

Sensory

108
Q

Ventral roots are the ____ portion of the spinal cord

A

Anterior

109
Q

Upper motor neurons are in the ___ ___ ___

A

Central nervous system

110
Q

Lesions of the upper motor neuron can cause…

A

-Spastic paralysis
-Hyperreflexia

111
Q

Lower motor neurons go to the ____ fibers

A

Muscle

112
Q

Lower motor neurons are part of the ___ ___

A

Reflex arc

113
Q

Lesions of lower motor neurons cause…

A

-Flaccid paralysis
-Significant atrophy
-Hyporeflexia

114
Q

The _____ pathway of the motor system is responsible for motor function

A

Corticospinal

115
Q

The corticospinal tract conducts impulses from the ____ to the ___ ___

A

Brain to spinal cord

116
Q

The corticospinal tract is made up of what two separate tracts in the spinal cord?

A

-Lateral corticospinal tract
-Anterior corticospinal tract

117
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract cross?

A

Contralateral side within the medulla

118
Q

The corticobulbar tract crosses in the…

A

Lower medulla

119
Q

The corticobulbar pathway terminates in the ___ ___

A

Brain stem

120
Q

The corticobulbar tract supplies upper motor neuron innervation to the cranial nerves supplying the ____ and ____

A

Head and face

121
Q

The corticorubospinal tract crosses in the…

A

Ventral tegmental decussation of the midbrain

122
Q

The most important function of the corticorubospinal tract is the control of ____ ____ in flexor muscle groups

A

Muscle tone

123
Q

The spinothalamic tract crosses upon entering the ____ ____

A

Spinal cord

124
Q

The spinothalamic tract pathway enables one feel sensations like…

A

-Pain
-Temperature
-Light touch

125
Q

The ____ ____ transmits impulses arising from proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors

A

Posterior column

126
Q

Posterior columns allow us to feel…

A

-Vibration
-Position sense

127
Q

____ ____ are the posterior portion of the spinal cord

A

Dorsal roots

128
Q

Dorsal route ____ are cell bodies for sensory neurons

A

Ganglion

129
Q

The ____ system of dorsal roots is afferent (from periphery to brain)

A

Sensory

130
Q

The sensory system allows us to feel…

A

-Pain
-Temperature
-Touch
-Proprioception (tendons, body wall, joints)
-Two point discrimination
-Pressure sensation

131
Q

What are pathways of the sensory system?

A

-Anterolateral system
-Spinothalamic (pain and temperature)

132
Q

Damage of the posterior (dorsal) also known as dorsal columns, causes loss of…

A

-Vibratory sensation
-Two point discrimination
-Point localization

133
Q

The posterior (dorsal) columns cross at the ____

A

Medulla

134
Q

The spinocerebral pathway of the sensory system is involved in…

A

-Proprioception
-Coordination

135
Q

The internal carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to crucial structures such as the ____ and ____

A

Brain and eye

136
Q

The vertebral arteries run through the spinal column in the neck provide blood to the ____ and ____

A

Brain and spine

137
Q

The Circle of Willis is not always ____

A

Intact

138
Q

The _____ artery is a big artery that has lots of branching vessels

A

Basilar

139
Q

The basilar artery perfuses what two things?

A

-Brain stem
-Cerebellum

140
Q

What is included in the Circle of Willis?

A

-Anterior cerebral arteries
-Posterior cerebral arteries
-Middle cerebral arteries
-Posterior communicating arteries
-Anterior communicating arteries

141
Q

The anterior cerebral arteries don’t _____ anything, but they are important for maintaining the cycle

A

Perfuse

142
Q

The anterior cerebral arteries are important for ____ and ____

A

Vision and smell

143
Q

We have two anterior cerebral arteries and they connect to form the ____

A

Circle

144
Q

A gap in the circle of Willis would cause ____ to flow out

A

Blood

145
Q

The Posterior cerebral arteries provide blood to the…

A

-Bottom of the occipital lobe
-Bottom of temporal lobe

146
Q

The middle cerebral arteries provide blood to…

A

-Sides of the brain
-Frontal lobes
-Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
-Basal Ganglion
(lots of the brain)

147
Q

The posterior communicating arteries don’t ____ anything, but just maintain the circle

A

Perfuse

148
Q

The anterior communicating arteries supply perfuse the…

A

-Medial and superior parts of the frontal lobe
-Anterior parietal lobe

149
Q

The ___-___ ____ is made of capillaries joined with tight junctions between endothelial cells and allows for selective passing

A

Blood-brain barrier

150
Q

The blood-brain barrier keeps ____ in the blood out of the brain

A

Toxins

151
Q

The meninges and cerebrospinal fluid surround both the ____ and the ____ ____

A

Brain and spinal cord

152
Q

The ___ ___ is a very thin layer of connective tissue over the brain

A

Pia mater

153
Q

The Pia mater follows ____ and is very vascular

A

Convolutions

154
Q

The ____ ____ allows cerebrospinal fluid to flow and provides cushion (shock absorber)

A

Subarachnoid space

155
Q

The subarachnoid space is continuous with the _____

A

Ventricles

156
Q

The ____ contains major vessels for the brain, thicker connective tissue, villi, and cerebrospinal fluid

A

Arachnoid

157
Q

The arachnoid contains the ___ ___ ___

A

Circle of Willis

158
Q

The ____ ____ is between the arachnoid and dura matter layer

A

Subdural space

159
Q

The subdural space bridges ____

A

Veins

160
Q

The subdural space is a ____ space

A

Theoretical

161
Q

The ____ ____ is a potential (theoretical) space between the skull and dura

A

Epidural space

162
Q

We have a ____ system in the brain made up of immune cells

A

Lymphatic

163
Q

We have about ___ mL of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain

A

125

164
Q

____ mL of cerebrospinal fluid is produced each day

A

500

165
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ____ ____ (right in the center of the brain)

A

Choroid plexus

166
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed by the ___ ____

A

Arachnoid villi

167
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid contains little ____ and few ___

A

Protein, WBC

168
Q

The ____ nervous system maintains a hemodynamically stable environment

A

Autonomic

169
Q

____ nerves run from the central nervous system to a ganglion

A

Preganglionic

170
Q

When stimulated, preganglionic neurons release _____ at the neuron

A

Acetylcholine

171
Q

The primary role of ____ ____ is to transmit autonomic information

A

B Fibers

172
Q

____ nerves run from a ganglion to an effector organ

A

Postganglionic

173
Q

The ____ nervous system is responsible for our fight or flight response

A

Sympathetic

174
Q

The sympathetic neurotransmitter is ____

A

Norepinephrine

175
Q

Sympathetic stimulation sends impulses to the whole ____

A

Body

176
Q

Sympathetic nervous system sends ____ impulses to increase activity

A

Excitatory

177
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system cause?

A

-Vasodilation on vessels going to muscles
-Decreases blood flow to the gut
-Vasoconstriction around the skin
-Keeps blood in the core
-Inhibits peristalsis
-Inhibits sphincters
-Shunts blood away from the gut and into the lungs and heart
-Dilates bronchioles in the airway
-Gets as much oxygen into the blood to deliver to tissues
-Dilates pupils
-Causes release of epinephrine

178
Q

What are adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

-Alpha1
-Alpha2
-Beta1
-Beta2

179
Q

The exception of the sympathetic nervous system is ___ ___

A

Sweat glands

180
Q

Sweat glands don’t respond to adrenergic receptors, but _____ instead

A

Acetylcholine

181
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter is _____

A

Acetylcholine

182
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for ____ and ____

A

Rest and digest

183
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system stimulate?

A

-Increased blood flow to the gut/intestine
-Enhances peristalsis
-Constricts the pupils and bronchioles
-Decreases heart rate
-Responsible for sexual arousal

184
Q

_____ receptors stimulate the skeletal muscle

A

Nicotinic

185
Q

_____ receptors stimulate the heart, smooth muscle, and secretory glands

A

Muscarinic

186
Q

The sympathetic nervous system has branches from vertebrae ___-___

A

T1-L2

187
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is also known as _____, and includes 22 pairs of paravertebral ganglia

A

Thoracolumbar

188
Q

______ is the parasympathetic division

A

Craniosacral

189
Q

Craniosacral has a more specific ____ to ____ ratio of 1:3

A

Preganglionic to postganglionic

190
Q

The ____ nervous system is the arm of the autonomic nervous system that drives GI function

A

Enteric

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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