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Pathophysiology > Gastrointestinal Function > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are 7 general functions of the GI tract?

A
  1. Ingestion of food
  2. Propulsion of food
  3. Secretion of mucus, water and enzymes
  4. Mechanical digestion of food
  5. Chemical digestion of food
  6. Absorption of digested food
  7. Elimination of waste products
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2
Q

The ____ is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall and is exposed to dietary nutrients

A

Mucosa

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3
Q

In the villus, there is absorption of ___ and ___

A

Water and nutrients

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4
Q

The ____ is the next innermost layer of the GI wall; this carries the nerve plexus that innervates the mucosa and the muscle layers of the intestine

A

Submucosa

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5
Q

The ____ is the next layer of the GI wall; it contains the circular smooth muscle layer and the longitudinal muscle layer; this layer contacts to drive peristalsis to keep food moving through

A

Muscularis

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6
Q

The ____ is the outmost layer of the GI wall; it is the secretory adventitial layer; it keeps everything in place and is continuous from the mouth to the anus; it also secretes lubrication

A

Serosa

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7
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls what in the GI system?

A

-Direct neural stimulation
-Hormonal
-Peristalsis
-Defecation

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8
Q

Defecation is controlled by internal and external ____ ____

A

Anal sphincters

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9
Q

The ___ ___ ___ is a set of nerves connected to the autonomic nervous system and it is also connected to the gut; it is the third arm of the ANS (along with sympathetic and parasympathetic)

A

Enteric nervous system

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10
Q

The enteric nervous system can function ____ of the ANS and interacts with all arms of the ANS

A

Independently

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11
Q

What influence does the enteric nervous system have on GI function?

A

Regulates peristaltic reflex, hormones, and secretions

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12
Q

Stress or high fat/sugar intake triggers a response from ____ ___ that leads to increased food intake, increase fat uptake, decreased energy utilization, and decreased anxiety

A

Neuropeptide Y

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13
Q

Neuropeptide Y also blocks ____ to the CNS which releases pain

A

Nociceptors

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14
Q

Neuropeptide Y is an ____ chemical

A

Endogenous

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15
Q

What are some other examples of endocrine hormones that have an impact on the GI system?

A

-Gastrin
-Ghrelin
-Secretin
-Somatostatin

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16
Q

What are functions of the mouth?

A

-Mastication (physical breakdown of food in the mouth)
-In the mouth, saliva mixes with the food, and salivary amylase begins to break down carbohydrates and lingual lipases begin to break down fats
-Saliva also lubricates food to travel to the esophagus

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17
Q

The ____ is a passageway to the stomach; food is not being processed or absorbed here

A

Esophagus

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18
Q

____ is a neural dysfunction resulting in decreased smooth muscle movement in the middle and lower portion of the esophagus

A

Achalasia

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19
Q

What are the three sections of the stomach?

A

-Fundus
-Body
-Antrum

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20
Q

The antrum leads to the ____

A

Pylorus

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21
Q

A lot of food ____ happens in the stomach

A

Breakdown

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22
Q

The stomach rolls food around to produce ____

A

Chyme

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23
Q

In the stomach, cells secrete substances to breakdown food and protect against ____

A

Bacteria

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24
Q

What type of cells secrete gastrin?

A

G cells

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25
Q

G cells release gastrin when there is presence of ____ in the stomach

A

Proteins

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26
Q

What are the functions of gastrin?

A

-Increase motility
-Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen

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27
Q

What type of cells secrete HCL?

A

Parietal cells

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28
Q

Parietal cells release HCL in response to…

A

-H2 receptors
-Parasympathetic stimulus

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29
Q

Functions of HCL:

A

-Denatures proteins
-Creates an acidic environment

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30
Q

What type of cells secrete ghrelin?

A

P/D1 cells

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31
Q

P/D1 cells secrete ghrelin in response to…

A

Low glucose levels

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32
Q

Functions of ghrelin:

A

-Hunger hormone
-Regulates appetite and motility
-Increases before meals
-Decreases after meals

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33
Q

What type of cells secrete somatostatin?

A

D cells

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34
Q

D cells secrete somatostatin in response to…

A

Low gastric pH

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35
Q

Roles of somatostatin:

A

-Decreases rates of gastric emptying and smooth muscle contraction
-Inhibits growth hormone production
-Suppresses release of gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, and others

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36
Q

What type of cells secrete Pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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37
Q

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen in response to…

A

-HCL
-Gastrin
-Vagus nerve stimulation

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38
Q

Roles of pepsinogen:

A

-Converted to pepsin if pH<5
-Protein breakdown

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39
Q

The mucous barrier of the stomach protects the stomach from ___

A

Acid

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40
Q

The ____ of the stomach controls gastric emptying

A

Pylorus

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41
Q

What may cause decreased gastric emptying?

A

-High-fat meals
-Diabetic neuropathy
-Eating in the evening
-Drugs like anesthesia
-Traum

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42
Q

____ is the forceful expulsion of gastric or intestinal contents

A

Vomiting

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43
Q

The vomiting center of the brain is called the ____ ____

A

Area postremia

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44
Q

The area postremia has no ___-___ barrier

A

Blood-brain

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45
Q

The area postremia can be stimulated by…

A

-Chemicals: opioids, high levels of toxins in the blood
-Mechanical: high pressure in the brain, myocardial infarction, gag reflect, infection
-Vestibular: rollercoasters

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46
Q

Consequences of vomiting:

A

-Acid-base imbalances
-Aspiration pneumonia
-Ruptured esophagus or the vessels that line the esophagus
-Tearing of the stomach lining

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47
Q

Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in the ___ ___

A

Small intestine

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48
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A

-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum

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49
Q

Chyme moves from the pylorus to the ____ ___

A

Ileocecal valve

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50
Q

The small intestine contains villi with microvilli (brush borders) which break down ____

A

Polysaccharides

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51
Q

The ileocecal valve controls flow to the ____ ____

A

Large intestine

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52
Q

The duodenum secretes ____ in the presence of chyme in the duodenum

A

Secretin

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53
Q

In the intestines, secretin has what functions?

A

-Increases water and bicarb release
-Increases pancreatic and gallbladder contractions

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54
Q

I cells in the small intestine secrete _____ in the presence of chyme in the duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin

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55
Q

Roles of cholecystokinin in the intestine:

A

-Stimulates pancreatic enzymes
-Stimulates gallbladder contraction
-Increases gastric motility
-Suppresses hunger
-Induces anxiety

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56
Q

The duodenum and jejunum release ____ ____ ____ in response to hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide

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57
Q

Role of gastric inhibitory peptide in the intestine:

A

Induces insulin secretion

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58
Q

The small intestine and the Delta cells of the pancreas release ____ in response to low gastric pH

A

Somatostatin

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59
Q

Roles of somatostatin in the intestines:

A

-Decreases gastric emptying and smooth muscle contractions
-Suppresses other gastric secretions and pancreatic hormones
-Inhibits glucagon and insulin release from the pancreas

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60
Q

The intestine and hypothalamus release ____ ____ ____

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

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61
Q

Roles of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the intestine:

A

-Increase GI motility and vasodilation
-Promotes H2O/lyte secretion
-Inhibits gastric acid and pepsinogen
-Variety of non-GI effects

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62
Q

VIP is released when the stomach is ____ and ____, but can also be secreted from the hypothalamus, can regulate sleep, increase vaginal lubrication, etc.

A

Distended and full

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63
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) can neutralize ____

A

HCl

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64
Q

The large intestine is also known as the ____

A

Colon

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65
Q

The large intestine lacks ____

A

Villi

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66
Q

The large intestine does not do much ____ (but has many glands)

A

Absorption

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67
Q

In the large intestine, we have a _____ that provides beneficial things for our body and helps to ferment food

A

Microbiome

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68
Q

The large intestine absorbs ____, ____, and some ____

A

Water, vitamins, electrolytes

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69
Q

When you have _____, things are moving through the large intestine too fast which leads to increased frequency and fluidity of bowel movements

A

Diarrhea

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70
Q

When you have _____, you have decreased amount of bowel movements and decreased fluidity

A

Constipation

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71
Q

The ____ is controlled by internal (autonomic NS) and external (consciously controlled) sphincters

A

Rectum

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72
Q

In the GI system, more fluids are ___/___ than lost (7000 mL)

A

Absorbed/reabsorbed

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73
Q

50-200 mL of fluid is lost through the ____ each day

A

Stool

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74
Q

Where are carbohydrates broken down (3)?

A

-Mouth: some carbs broken down by salivary amylase
-Stomach: some carbs broken down with HCl in stomach
-Small intestine: most carbs are broken down at the brush border of the small intestine

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75
Q

Where are proteins broken down (2)?

A

-Stomach: HCl and pepsin
-Small intestine: most enzymes here from the pancreas work to breakdown/reabsorb protein

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76
Q

Where are fats broken down (1)?

A

-Small intestine: pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder enzymes break down fats and most pass through the large intestine

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77
Q

GI ____ affects 50-150 of 100,000 people

A

Bleeding

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78
Q

____ ____ bleeding (above the jejunum) accounts for 85% of all GI bleeds

A

Upper GI

79
Q

What are some possible etiologies of upper GI bleeds?

A

-Esophageal varices: bleeding that can come from excess vomiting, older age from fragile vessels, or liver problems
-Esophagitis: inflammation of the esophagus that can result from ingesting dyes or toxins, alcohol abuse, or infections
-Mallory-Weiss tears: tear in the lining that leads to bleeding caused by excess vomiting
-Gastric (peptic) ulcer: coexist in people with H. pylori in the stomach, causes inflammation of the stomach and can result from chronic NSAID use or smoking
-Duodenal ulcer: caused by NSAIDs, smoking
-Duodenitis: inflammation of the duodenum caused by infection or NSAID use

80
Q

Manifestations of upper GI bleeding?

A

-Hematemesis: bloody vomiting (if vomit has been in the stomach, it will look like coffee grounds)
-Melana (black, tarry stool): iron in the stool gets oxygenated and turns black
-Hemorrhagic shock: people who lose 25% of blood volume, not enough blood in cardiovascular system
-Increased BUN
-Possible mental status change

81
Q

A lower GI bleed is from the ____ and below

A

Jejunum

82
Q

Possible etiology of lower GI bleeds:

A

-Carcinoma of the colon
-Diverticular disease
-Inflammatory bowel disease
-Polyps

83
Q

What are some manifestations of a lower GI bleed?

A

-Hematochezia (blood in the stool)
-Melana (less often-> black, tarry stool)
-Hemorrhagic shock

84
Q

____ ___ is malformation of the esophagus

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula

85
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistulas occur in 1 out of every ___-___ liver births

A

3,000-4,000

86
Q

Mechanism of tracheoesophageal fistulas:

A

-During the first 4-6 weeks of development, the esophagus and trachea and forming
-There is a failure of these to separate which causes a connection between the esophagus and trachea

87
Q

A Tracheoesophageal fistula can also be seen in kids or adults with a ____ or ____ tube

A

Trach or NG

88
Q

What are some manifestations of Tracheoesophageal fistulas?

A

-Aspiration: food goes from the esophagus to the trachea through a “bridge”
-Pulmonary complications: pneumonia, atelectasis
-In infants: FTT, no weight gain, vomiting with every feeding, coughing, etc.

89
Q

____ ____ ____ results from chyme from the stomach moving back into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

90
Q

Is GERD more common in children or adults?

A

Adults

91
Q

Mechanism of GERD:

A

Stomach contents move into the lower part of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes which allows stomach acid to come up into the esophagus

92
Q

Manifestations of GERD:

A

-Heart burn after eating (especially when laying down)
-Dysphagia
-Ulcerations of the esophagus (inflammation and scar tissue)

93
Q

A ____ ____ is the movement of the stomach through the opening for the esophagus into the diaphragm

A

Hiatal hernia

94
Q

Hiatal hernias affect as many as ___% of adults

A

50

95
Q

Possible etiologies of hiatal hernia:

A

-Ascites
-Chronic coughing

96
Q

Manifestations of hiatal hernias:

A

-Heartburn
-Dysphagia
-Epigastric pain
-Reflux

97
Q

____ ____ is caused by metaplasia of inner esophageal cells

A

Barrett’s Esophagus

98
Q

Barrett’s esophagus is most common in what demographic?

A

White males

99
Q

Etiology of Barrett’s Esophagus:

A

-Anything that causes chronic inflammation of the esophagus (GERD, alcoholism)

100
Q

Mechanism of Barrett’s Esophagus:

A

-Metaplasia where epithelial cells turn to squamous cells

101
Q

Manifestations of Barrett’s esophagus:

A

-Heart burn
-Hematemesis
(largely asymptomatic)

102
Q

Many times, Barrett’s Esophagus is a precursor to ____

A

Cancer

103
Q

____ is inflammation of the gastric mucosa (top layer of the stomach)

A

Gastritis

104
Q

Mechanism of gastritis:

A

-Inflammation leads to hypersecretion of gastric acid which leads to leaky blood vessels

105
Q

Manifestations of gastritis:

A

-Mild: gastric distress (upset stomach)
-Severe: vomiting, bleeding in the stomach

106
Q

___ ____ ____ causes ulcers to develop in the upper GI tract

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

107
Q

About ___% of people will develop a peptic ulcer at some point

A

10%

108
Q

Possible etiologies of peptic ulcer disease:

A

-Bacterial endotoxin
-Caffeine
-Alcohol
-H. pylori
-Aspirin
-NSAIDs

109
Q

Mechanism of peptic ulcer disease:

A

Increased acid which breaks down mucous

110
Q

Manifestations of peptic ulcer disease:

A

-Stomach ache between meals
-Weight loss
-Hematemesis
-Hemorrhagic shock
-Severe bleeding (not good)

111
Q

____ ____ ____ causes chronic and recurrent intestinal symptoms

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

112
Q

IBS can affect either the ___ or ___ ____

A

Large or small intestine

113
Q

IBS affects about ___% of the population (many don’t get treatment)

A

15

114
Q

Etiology of IBS:

A

-Perhaps a brain-gut disconnect that leads to hyperactivity of the bowel
-Possible imbalance of microbiota or increased growth of microbiota

115
Q

Manifestations of IBS:

A

-Abdominal pain
-Complains of gas pain
-Bloatedness
-Nausea
-Anorexia
-Anxiety
-Depression
-Changes in stool frequency and consistency

116
Q

What are two examples of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases?

A

-Chron’s Disease
-Ulcerative colitis

117
Q

___ ___ is recurrent inflammatory response which affects all layers and any portion of the GI tract

A

Crohn’s Diseases

118
Q

Crohn’s disease most commonly affects the ___ or ___

A

Ileum or colon

119
Q

Crohn’s disease affects ____ Americans, usually 15-35 years old

A

1/2 million

120
Q

Crohn’s disease is most common in ___

A

Smokers

121
Q

The etiology of Crohn’s disease is largely unknown, but may include…

A

-Hereditary component
-Possible autoimmune issue

122
Q

People with Crohn’s are at an increased risk for the development of ____

A

Arthritis

123
Q

Manifestations of Crohn’s disease:

A

-Diarrhea
-Fecal urgency
-Weight loss (malabsorption)

124
Q

Complications of Crohn’s include…

A

-Fistulas
-Abscesses

125
Q

____ ____ is an inflammatory condition of the colon

A

Ulcerative colitis

126
Q

Incidence of ulcerative colitis is about ___% of the US population (usually starts in teens to late 20s)

A

1

127
Q

Mechanism of ulcerative colitis:

A

-Lesions form in the mucosal layer of the intestinal wall (differs from Crohn’s that affects all layers)

128
Q

Manifestations of ulcerative colitis:

A

-Anorexia
-Fatigue
-Frequent stools (possibly mucousy or bloody)
-Cramping

129
Q

Possible complications of ulcerative colitis:

A

-Arthritis (25% of patients)
-Colon cancer (12% of patients)

130
Q

____ ____ causes out pouchings in the colon

A

Diverticular disease

131
Q

_____ is characterized by the presence of diverticula

A

Diverticulosis

132
Q

Diverticulosis common affects the ____ ___

A

Sigmoid colon

133
Q

Most people with diverticulosis have no ____, but some might have pain in the lower left quadrant

A

Symptoms

134
Q

_____ is when diverticula become inflammed, usually causing left lower quadrant pain

A

Diverticulitis

135
Q

____ usually helps prevent diverticulitis

A

Fiber

136
Q

Manifestations of diverticulitis:

A

-Pain
-N/V
-Fever

137
Q

Complications of diverticulitis:

A

-Increased white cell count
-Peritonitis
-Bowel obstructions
-Fistula

138
Q

___ ___ causes inflammation of the small intestine in response to ingestion of gluten

A

Celiac disease

139
Q

Etiology/risk factors of celiac disease:

A

-Possible genetic mutation of the HLA gene
-Possible viral infections early in life
-Possible ingestion of gluten before 4-6 months of life
-Breastfeeding is found to be protective

140
Q

Mechanism of celiac disease:

A

-Ingestion of gluten leads to inflammation of the small intestine
-When gluten is in the small intestine, gliadin is recognized as abnormal and broke to T-glutaminase which the immune system attacks and causes an inflammatory response
-Causes loss of microvilli and malfunction of the small intestine
-Causes decreased absorption of nutrients

141
Q

Manifestations of celiac disease:

A

-Weight loss
-Cramping
-Bloating
-Diarrhea
-Malnutrition
-Anemia
-Dermatitis
-Possibly asymptomatic

142
Q

What are 7 functions of the liver?

A
  1. Production of bile salts
  2. Metabolism of drugs
  3. Carbohydrate metabolic
  4. Protein metabolism
  5. Synthesis of plasma proteins
  6. Synthesis of clotting factors
  7. Filtration of blood and bacteria
143
Q

_____ produce bile salts which helps with digestion of fat

A

Hepatocytes

144
Q

The ____ ____ in the liver breaks down urea to ammonia, breaks down alcohol, as well as many other drugs

A

CP450 pathway

145
Q

What is formed in the liver?

A

-Fatty acids
-Triglycerides
-Cholesterol

146
Q

Functions of the gallbladder:

A

-Stores bile
-Stores enzymes that the liver makes to break down fats

147
Q

The pancreas has ____ and ____ function

A

Endocrine and exocrine

148
Q

The endocrine function of the pancreas is to produce ____ (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic peptide, ghrelin)

A

Hormones

149
Q

The exocrine function of the pancreas is to produce ____ like bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

A

Enzymes

150
Q

Pancreatic hormones are always released inactive and are activated once in the ____ to break down proteins

A

Duodenum

151
Q

___ ___ is caused by anything that blocks flow through any of the vessels of the liver/increases pressure

A

Portal hypertension

152
Q

What are examples of things that may cause portal hypertension?

A

-Esophageal varices
-Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly (they become engorged with blood)
-Ascites
-Hepatic encephalopathy (liver isn’t clearing toxins well-> confusion, swelling of the brain, comatose)
-Hepatorenal syndrome (pre-renal failure)

153
Q

____ is a yellow pigmentation of the skin and eyes

A

Jaundice

154
Q

Jaundice can be ___, ____, or ____

A

Obstructive, hepatocellular, or hemolytic

155
Q

Obstructive jaundice results from ___ ___ that would cause bilirubin to build up

A

Liver failure

156
Q

_____ ____ causes an alteration of blood flow to the kidney

A

Hepatorenal syndrome

157
Q

Hepatorenal syndrome is more common when there is ____ deterioration of blood flow

A

Rapid

158
Q

Hepatitis A is an ____ virus

A

RNA

159
Q

The incubation period of Hepatitis A is ___-___ days

A

15-45

160
Q

Hepatitis A is transmitted by…

A

-Fecal oral route
-Can be transmitted by food that was exposed to the infectious route
-Sexual contact

161
Q

Symptoms of hepatitis A:

A

-Fever
-Malaise
-Anorexia
-Jaundice (develops 28 days-1 month from initial exposure)
-Most people make a full recovery

162
Q

Hepatitis B is a ___ ___ virus that replicates by reverse transcriptase

A

Double stranded

163
Q

There are ___-___ new cases of hepatitis B per year

A

2,000-3,000

164
Q

What groups are at highest risk of hepatitis B?

A

-Infants born to mothers with hepatitis B
-People who inject drugs or share needles, syringes, and other types of drug equipment
-Sex partners of people with hepatitis B
-Men who have sex with men
-People who live with someone who has hepatitis B
-Healthcare and public safety workers exposed to blood on the job
-People on dialysis

165
Q

How can hepatitis B be transmitted?

A

Blood or body fluids

166
Q

What antibodies can you detect with hepatitis B?

A

-Core antibody: appears at the onset of symptoms in acute hep B and persists for life
-Surface antigen: can be detected in high levels in serum during acute or chronic hepatitis; indicates that someone is infectious
-e Antigen: exists in the serum during early phases of hepatitis B infection

167
Q

With ___/___ ___ hepatitis B, antibodies form around 2 months after exposure; then someone will have symptoms like jaundice and inflammation and antibodies and antigens increases and then get better; 6 months later, they still have antibodies

A

Acute/self-limiting

168
Q

With ____ hepatitis B, someone will develop an immune system response from antibodies, become symptomatic, and will then always have antibodies and symptoms after that (it does not go away)

A

Chronic

169
Q

People can also be an ____ ____ of hepatitis B in which antibodies and antigens form and symptoms and mild and don’t last long; for the rest of their lives, they still have antigens and antibodies but they are still infected forever and wouldn’t know

A

Asymptomatic carriers

170
Q

Hepatitis C is an ____ virus

A

RNA

171
Q

Hepatitis C affects ____ people worldwide

A

1/4 million

172
Q

Hepatitis C is transmitted by…

A

-Blood
-Bodily fluids
-Contaminated needles
-Unprotected sex

173
Q

Many people clear hepatitic C without knowing they were infected, but half wind up with chronic hepatitis C which can lead to ____ ___

A

Liver failure

174
Q

Symptoms of hepatitis C do not appear for ___-___ months and many infections are not apparent

A

2-3

175
Q

_____ is the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules

A

Cirrhosis

176
Q

One example of cirrhosis is ____ ___

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

177
Q

Stages of development of alcoholic cirrhosis:

A

-Someone who is drinking a lot will have inflammation and scar tissue formation
-Fatty liver will develop
-Leads to fibers forming

178
Q

Signs and symptoms of alcoholic cirrhosis:

A

-Anorexia
-Weight loss
-Bleeding disorders
-Hepatomegaly
-Portal hypertension
-Kidney failure

179
Q

_____ is another name for gallstones

A

Cholelithiasis

180
Q

_____ is inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

181
Q

As much as ___% of people experience cholecystitis, but it is normally asymptomatic

A

80

182
Q

Etiology of cholecystitis:

A

-Stone travels out of the gallbladder and gets stuck, causing bile to back up and damage the gallbladder
-This can lead to massive inflammation and possible rupture
-Inflammation will continue to spread
-Lower level of inflammation will cause a more chronic form of cholecystitis

183
Q

Manifestations of cholecystitis:

A

-Pain in the left upper quadrant precipitated by a fatty meal
-Vomiting
-Jaundice
-Fever
-Elevation of some liver function tests
-Problems with liver function

184
Q

______ is gallstones in the common bile duct

A

Choledocholithiasis

185
Q

What are two examples of disorders of the pancreas?

A

-Diabetes Mellitus
-Cystic fibrosis

186
Q

Cystic fibrosis causes endocrine pancreatic dysfunction that causes ____

A

Scarring

187
Q

Cystic fibrosis causes features of both ___ and ___ ___

A

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes

188
Q

Cystic fibrosis may also impact exocrine function by a ____

A

Blockage

189
Q

____ ____ ____ is caused by a loss or lack of digestive enzymes

A

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

190
Q

Signs and symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency:

A

-Weight loss
-High fat levels in stool
-Fatigue due to poor absorption
-Flatulence due to malabsorption
-Distended abdomen
-Edema
-Bleeding disorders

191
Q

_____ is an autodigestive disease

A

Pancreatitis

192
Q

Pancreatitis affects ____ people per year

A

80,000

193
Q

Etiology of pancreatitis:

A

-Inflammation of the pancreas
-Common in people with biliary tract diseases
-People who abuse alcohol make up 80%
-Common in people with gallstones or after polytrauma
-Autoimmune form is common in people with autoimmune disorders
-Common in people after Mupms

194
Q

Manifestations of pancreatitis:

A

-Severe upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back
-Elevated blood pressure
-N/V due to pain

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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