Immune Function Flashcards
1
Q
We have ___ lines of defense that protects us from the outside world and can signal danger and possibly get rid of the danger
A
3
2
Q
Our ____ defense is barriers that we were born with
A
Innate
3
Q
Is our innate defense specific or nonspecific?
A
Nonspecific
4
Q
What are two examples of anatomical barriers that are part of our innate defense?
A
-Skin
-Mucous membranes
5
Q
Skin has a ____ temperature than the inside of our bodies which is not conducive to many bacteria and viruses
A
Cooler
6
Q
Endothelial cells of the skin also have ___ ___ to keep invaders out
A
Tight junctions
7
Q
The skin also secretes ___ ___ which make it an inhospitable environment for invaders
A
Fatty acids
8
Q
Tears and saliva also create a biochemical barrier because they are filled with enzymes like ____ that poke holes in bacteria and viruses and also create an acidic environment that invaders do not like
A
Lysozymes
9
Q
Where are mucus membranes are present?
A
-GI and urinogenital tract
-Urethra
-Bladder
-Mouth and nose
-Lungs
(any warm and wet membranes)
10
Q
Mucus membrane contains mucus to help ___ invaders and possibly cough them back up if they are in the lungs
A
Trap
11
Q
There are bacteria in the gut that promote good activity and can secrete ____ to kill off bad bacteria
A
Enzymes
12
Q
____ that line lungs and other tissues pulse mucous and invaders out of the body
A
Cilia
13
Q
Endothelial cells secrete ____ and ____ which poke holes in bacteria cell walls
A
Cathelicidins and defensins
14
Q
____ binds iron which keeps iron away from bacteria that could use it to reproduce
A
Lactoferrin
15
Q
Biochemical barriers include ____ from cells
A
Secretions
16
Q
We also have ___ ___ ___ immunity which is why we do not have to worry about getting things like avian flu
A
Species-specific natural immunity
17
Q
____ is another type of innate, non-specific defense
A
Inflammation
18
Q
What are three things that are involved with inflammation as an innate defense?
A
-Pattern recognition receptors
-Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
-Damage-associate molecule patterns
19
Q
Pattern recognition receptors bind to the microbe and stick out from the ___ ___, similar to immunoglobins or antibodies
A
B cell
20
Q
Pattern recognition receptors recognize ____ put on an invaders surface
A
Proteins
21
Q
____-___ ___ ___ are exogenous ligands that may be part of the bacteria or virus DNA, RNA, membrane, etc.
A
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
22
Q
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are present on the invaders’ surface and allow the ____ to recognize it
A
Body
23
Q
Damage-associated molecular patterns are endogenous ligands like nucleic acids, oxidized LDL, etc, that our own body releases when ____
A
Damaged
24
Q
Damage-associated molecular patterns will be recognized by…
A
Pattern recognition Receptors
25
Acquired defense is also known as our ____/____ immune system
Specific/adaptive
26
Acquired defense is when the body recognizes specific invaders and develops an immune response to that ___ ___
Specific invader
27
____ launches the acquired response
Inflammation
28
Acquired defense requires a ____ ____
First exposure
29
What are two types of acquired defense?
-Cell-mediated (T-cell mediated)
-Humoral-mediated immunity
30
What are three examples of endogenous immune modifiers?
-Age
-Sex
-Genetics
31
The older you are, the worse your immunity get because you have less lymphocytes, specifically ___ ___
T cells
32
T cells grow in the ___ ____ and this gland begins to atrophy around age 40 so we get fewer T cells and less response to pathogens and less response to pathogens
Thymus gland
33
As you age, other ____ and disease can also decrease your immunity
Comorbidities
34
____ has beneficial effects on the immune system, so women are better protected against pathogens up until menopause
Estrogen
35
____ are an immune modifier
Genetics
36
Many autoimmune diseases are part of a syndrome that have a genetic focus; many genetic disorders occur because there is a lack of ___ ___
Immune development
37
___/___ cells mark the cell as belonging to the host; these proteins say that this is a cell that is ours
MHC/HLA
38
A, B, C, E, F, G, K, L regions are class ___ MHC/HLA
I
39
DM, DO, DP, DQ, DR regions are class ___ MHC/HLA
II
40
We have 2 ____ of MHC/HLA, which is important for transplants because we need a match
Haplotypes
41
MHC/HLA genes are transmitted ____
Intact
42
Siblings have a ___ match with MHC/HLA genes
1/4
43
MHC class I molecule (HLA A, B, and C) participate in antigen presentation to ___ ___ cells
Cytotoxic T (CD8+)
44
MHC class II molecules (DP, DQ, DR) participate in antigen presentation to ___ ___ cells
Helper T (CD4+)
45
What are four examples of exogenous immune modifiers?
-Stress
-Sunlight
-Medications
-Illness
46
Stress causes a release of ____ which depresses the immune system by depressing all cell synthesis and decreasing immunoglobulin production
Cortisol
47
Sunlight is a ____ genetic modifier
Positive (helpful)
48
Sunlight helps the body make usable ___ ___ which helps with better white blood cell formation
Vitamin D
49
____ often suppress the immune system (cortisol)
Medications
50
What types of illnesses suppress the immune system?
-Diabetes
-CVD
(most chronic or acute diseases are bad for immune function)
51
What are 5 components of the immune system?
-Marrow
-Spleen
-Thymus
-Lymphatic tissue
-Specialized cells
52
The marrow is where ____ are born
Lymphocytes (T and B cells)
53
The spleen stores ___ that can turn into macrophages which are helpful for immune function
Monocytes
54
The ___ includes areas that are exposed to immune cells
Thymus
55
The lymphatic tissue contains...
MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue); Nodes
56
What are examples of Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue?
-Adenoids
-Tonsils
-Peyer's Patch
-Appendix
57
What are 4 types of antigen-presenting cells?
-B cells
-Macrophages
-Dendritic cells
-Other
58
____ are small white blood cells that are not immunocompetent
Lymphocytes
59
Lymphocytes are in the ___ and ___ of the fetus
Liver and spleen
60
Lymphocytes are in the ___ ___ of children and adults
Bone marrow
61
Lymphocytes circulate to become committed either in the ___ ___ to the thymus or the ___ ___ to the bone marrow, and are then activated
T line; B line
62
There is potentially a hybrid of B and T cells called an ___ ___ which has characteristics of both and are found in people with Type 1 Diabetes
X lymphocyte
63
Clonal selection refers to cell ___ and ____ after first exposure (this allows for specific recognition and memory for the next time we are exposed)
Proliferation and differentiation
64
What are the three steps of the initial response of the immune system?
-Exposure and breach of barriers
-Inflammation
-Cell-mediated response (T cells)
65
If we did not have inflammation, we would get sick ___ (inflammation helps keep the response down)
Immediately
66
Within the cell-mediated response, the first step is...
T cell formation
67
Roles of T cells:
-Attack and destroy diseased cells
-Orchestrate, regulate, and coordinate the overall immune response
-Responsible for cell-mediated immunity
-Influences humoral immunity
68
T cells mature in the thymus where they are exposures to other ___ ___
Host cells
69
T cells are stimulated by ____
Hormones
70
T cells develop both ___ and ___ markers
CD4 and CD8
71
____ refers to clonal deletion and negative section which means that T cells will die in the thymus if they are too reactive to our own cells (if some of these to make it out, we hope that helper T cells would kill them)
Autoreactivity
72
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) recognize MHC class ___ molecules
I
73
Cytotoxic T cells help rid the body of cells that have been infected by...
-Viruses
-Cancer cells
-Damaged cells
74
Cytotoxic T cells are also responsible for the ____ of tissue and organ grafts
Rejection
75
Examples of cytotoxic T cells:
-Killer cells (filled with perforin)
-Granzymes (causes apoptosis)
76
Helper T cells (CD4) recognize MHC class ___ molecules
II
77
____ helper T cells act on invaders and infected cells
Effector
78
____ helper T cells maintain antigen recognition/memory for the future
Memory
79
____ helper T cells control the immune response; they dampen the response to prevent autoimmune diseases (turn off the response when the pathogen is cleared)
Regulatory
80
__ __ cells do not recognize a specific antigen to kill a cell
Natural killer
81
Natural killer cells have ____ receptors and ____ receptors
Activating; inhibitory
82
Natural killer cells release...
-Perforin
-Granzyme
-Cytokines
83
To stop cells from killing healthy cells, natural killer cells scan the body looking for ____
Invaders
84
Natural killer cells are ___ independent
MHC
85
T cell accessory cells are produced by the ____ cell line and include monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, and basophils
Myeloid
86
T cell accessory cells can all become ____
Phagocytic
87
T cell accessory cells can be...
-Complement
-Cytokines
-Interleukins
88
____ are "nonself" molecules
Antigens
89
Antigens are present on...
-Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
-Pollens
-Foods
-Venom
-Drugs
-Vaccines
-Transplanted tissues
90
____ are proteins produced by the body to attack and fight off antigens (they are specific to each antigen)
Antibodies
91
Antibodies are also known as _____
Immunoglobulins
92
An ___ is the region of the antigen that our body can recognize in our immune system (if there is prior exposure)
Epitope
93
The ____ is the part of the antibody where the antibody binds to the antigen
Paratope
94
____ are antigens that are too small to be recognized
Haptens
95
____ is the innate ability of an antigen to bind with an antibody
Antigenicity
96
____ is the ability of an antigen to react with T and B cells
Immunogenicity
97
Successful binding of the antigen receptor to the epitope results in...
-Neutralization
-Precipitation
-Proliferation and differentiation
-Opsonization
-Activation of the inflammatory response
98
The Ag/Ab binding and cell-mediated response includes what 4 steps?
-Antigen capture
-Antigen digestion
-Antigen presentation
-Response
99
Successful binding of the antigen receptor to the epitope results in ___ and ___, as well as proliferation and differentiation
Neutralization and precipitation
100
Successful binding of the antigen receptor to the epitope also results in stimulation of the cell to leave ___ and enter the cell cycle
G0
101
Repeated mitosis leads to the development of a clone of cells bearing the same ___ ___ with identical specificity
Antigen receptor
102
____ refers to successful binding of the antigen
Opsonization
103
____ are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells
Immunoglobulins
104
Immunoglobulins are the same as ____
Antibodies
105
What are the two units of an immunoglobulin molecule?
-Variable region
-Constant region
106
An immunoglobin also has a ___ chain and a ___ chain
Light, heavy
107
The ___ region of the immunoglobulin is the antibody binding fragment; it is variable so it rearranges until it matches the antigen and can recognize it
Fab
108
The ___ region of the immunoglobulin releases inflammatory mediators
Fc
109
___ describes the number of binding sites of an immunoglobulin
Valance
110
The ____ class of immunoglobulins is the most common and has 4 subclasses (80% of circulating immunoglobulin)
IgG
111
IgG has a valance of ___
2
112
IgG is involved in ____ activation
Complement
113
IgG is good ___ in the infection to control how much of the agent gets in
Early
114
What are the two subclasses of IgA?
-IgA1 in blood
-IgA2 in saliva and tears
115
IgA1 has a valance of ___
2
116
IgA has a ____ role
Preventative
117
IgA2 is a dimer with a secretory piece and has a valance of ___
4
118
IgA has an important role in keeping the invader from getting into the body by preventing it from attaching to ___ ___
Mucus membranes
119
____ is the first immunoglobulin produced in an infection
IgM
120
IgM are very large (pentamer) and have a valance of ___ (but only 5 are used)
10
121
There are small amounts of ___ in the blood
IgD
122
IgD has a valance of ___
2
123
IgD has a possible role in ___ synthesis
Ab
124
IgD are also found on developing ___ ___ where the are Ag receptors
B lymphocytes
125
____ immunoglobulins are the least concentrated in the blood
IgE
126
IgE are involved in ___ and ___ infections
Allergic and parasitic
127
IgE has a valance of ___
2
128
B (Bursal) cells are present in what two places?
-Bone marrow
-Spleen
129
____ drive specific antibody production
Hormones
130
Mature B cells exposed to the antigen of interest become ____ cells
Plasma
131
The humoral response from B cells is involved with...
-Immunoglobin secretion
-Immune memory
132
Once B cells circulate through the bone marrow/spleen, they are programmed to produce ____/____ against the antigen
Antibodies/immunoglobins
133
Once B cells are converted to plasma cells, they produce ___ ___ that are stored in the peripheral lymphoid organs
Memory cells
134
B cell receptors have a ___ region and an ___ region
Fab and Fc
135
B cell action allows for adaptive ___ ___ and ___
Immune response and memory
136
What are three types of B cells:
-B cells
-Memory B cells
-Plasma B cells
137
What are the 4 phases of infection and immune response?
1. Establishment of infection
2. Induction of adaptive response
3. Adaptive immune response
4. Immunological memory
138
Within the cell-mediated response, there is ___-___ complex binding which is responsible for clonal expansion
MHC-Ag
139
The MHC-Ag complex binding signals to ___, ___, and ___ cells
Tc, Th, B
140
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) release...
-Perforin
-Granulysine
-Granzymes
141
With the MHC-Tc interaction, ___ receptor binds to Class I HC molecules to release perforin, granulysine, and other granulocytes
CD8
142
In the MHC-Tc interaction, the B cell presents the antigen, and then the B cell puts it in class 2 molecules so ____ binds to the peptide to cause release of cytokines
CD4
143
What are three types of Th cells within the cell-mediated response?
-Effector Th cells
-Memory Th cells
-Suppressor Th cells
144
Following the initial exposure, there is the ___ ___
Primary response
145
The primary response includes both ___ ___ and ____ response
Cell-mediated and humoral
146
Cell mediated response requires ___ and ____ cells
Th and Tc
147
The humoral response requires ___ ___ to produce plasma cells and immunoglobulins
B cells
148
5-7 days after the primary response, we will have ___ response
IgM
149
With a ____ response, you are exposed to the same antigen again
Secondary
150
In a secondary response, there are ___ cells available
Specific
151
The secondary is a more ____ response
Vigorous
152
What types of memory cells are available for a secondary response?
-Plasma cells
-B cells
153
____ refers to a specific antibody that is able to be recognized without processing
Specificity
154
The difference between a primary and secondary response is that secondary has...
-Decreased reactivity time
-More severe reaction
-More IgG
-Memory
155
The first vaccine was created by doctor ___ after he realized that milkmaids who go cowpox were immune to smallpox, so he took the virus and injected it into people
Jenner
156
When the immune system function goes awry, it is classified into what three broad categories?
-Inappropriate function
-Too much function
-Too little function
157
____ reactions occur when a given stimulus initiates an abnormal/undesirable immune response to a non-threat
Hypersensitivity
158
There are ___ classes of hypersensitivity reaction
4
159
Types I-III hypersensitivity reactions are ____ mediated
Humoral (antibody)
160
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction is ___-___
Cell-mediated
161
Type I hypersensitivity reaction is ___ ___ ____
Immediate type hypersensitivity
162
The "normal" role of the Type I reaction is to initiate an ___ ___ to neutralize and expel intestinal parasites
Inflammatory response
163
Type I hypersensitivity reactions use granules that contain...
-Histamine
-Leukotrienes and prostaglandin
-Heparin
-Serotonin
-Cytokines, interleukins, inflammatory mediators
164
Manifestations of type I hypersensitivity are related to ___ content actions
Granule
165
Some examples of manifestations of type I hypersensitivity include...
-Vasodilation
-Smooth muscle and endothelial cell constriction
-Integumentary systems
166
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are ___ ___ ____
Antibody-mediated toxicities
167
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are further subdivided into what two categories?
-Cytolytic reactions
-Antibody mediated
168
The normal function of a cytolytic/cytotoxic reaction is...
Lysis of bacteria and other pathogens
169
Antibody-mediated reactions would normally function to...
-Neutralize toxins
-Viral receptor blockade
170
With an antibody-mediated reaction, an antibody against a functional molecule or receptor results in their activation or inactivation because the self-cell is identified as ____
Foreign
171
Examples of antibody-mediated reactions (type II hypersensitivity):
-Acquired hemophilia
-Grave's disease
-Myasthenia Gravis
172
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are "___ ___" disorders
Immune complex
173
Normal function of type III hypersensitivity reactions is ___ ___ at the site of pathogen invasion (vessel walls, joints, kidneys)
Acute inflammation
174
With type III hypersensitivity, complement is activated and ___ and ___ are released; neutrophils are attracted by C5a and they release enzymes that destroy the endothelium and red blood cells escape from within the blood vessels
C3a and C5a
175
An example of type III hypersensitivity is ___ ___
Serum sickness
176
Serum sickness occurs __-__ days after non-human sera injection
10-14
177
Serum sickness results in...
-Vasculitis
-Glomerulonephritis
-Arthralgia
-Fever
178
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are ___ ___ ___
Delayed type hypersensitivity
179
Normal function of type IV hypersensitivity is to control ____ by mycobacteria, treponema, other bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites
Infections
180
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are classified into what two subtypes?
-T cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity
-T cell mediated cytotoxicity
181
The normal function of type IV delayed hypersensitivity is to destroy ___ and ___ ___ cells
Invaders and viral infected
182
In type IV delayed hypersensitivity, sensitized Th cells bind to the ____-___ ____, releasing cytokines, causing inflammation and tissue damage
MHCII-antigen complex
183
Examples of type IV delayed hypersensitivity:
-Response to intradermal injection of mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived purified protein derivative (TB testing/PPD testing)
-Multiple sclerosis
-Direct activation of type IV hypersensitivity reactions also occur due to "superantigen" exposure
-Transplant rejection
184
The normal function of type IV cytotoxic reactions is to...
Destroy invaders and viral infected cells
185
With type IV cytotoxic reactions, ___ cells recognize MHCI-presenting cells and immediately destroy the cell
Tc
186
Examples of type IV hypersensitivity cytotoxic reactions:
-Contact dermatitis
-Granulomatous inflammation
-Transplant rejections
187
Transplant rejection reactions occur when transplanted tissue is not recognized as ___ ___ due to the immune response and MHC genotyping
Host tissue
188
Transplant rejection occurs in what 3 categories?
-Hyperacute rejection
-Acute rejection
-Chronic rejection
189
Hyperacute rejection happens in the first ___ to ___ after transplantation
Minutes to hours
190
Hyperacute rejection occurs due to pre-existing ____ that cause a massive inflammatory and immune response
Antibodies
191
Hyperacute rejection requires ___ ___
Immediate treatment
192
Acute transplant rejection reactions occur in the first ___ to ___ after transplant
Weeks to months
193
With acute rejection, the ___ itself is being attacked
Graft
194
Acute rejection may be reversed with ____
Immunosuppression
195
A chronic rejection reaction occurs ___ to ___ after the transplant
Months to years
196
Repeat episodes of __ rejection can result in chronic rejection
Acute
197
Chronic rejection reactions do not respond well to ____
Therapy
198
Graft versus host disease is a different type of reaction only seen in ___ ___ transplant
Bone marrow
199
With GVHD, the transplanted cells produce immune cells that attack the ____
Host
200
___ ___ occur when the immune system fails to recognize 'self' markers and attacks the 'self' tissue
Autoimmune disorders
201
Autoimmune disorders are ____-____ and ___-___ disorders
Collagen-vascular and connective-tissue
202
Autoimmune disorders are primarily ___ ___ ____ reactions
Type III hypersensitivity reactions (some type II characteristics and mechanisms)
203
Are autoimmune disorders more common in males or females?
Females
204
Autoimmune disorders can be ___ ___ or ____ diseases
Single organ or systemic
205
Autoimmune disorders result from a breakdown of ___ ___
Self-tolerance
206
What 3 major mechanisms provide for self tolerance?
-Clonal deletion (self-reactive cells)
-Clonal anergy (failure to respond to antigen)
-Peripheral suppression of/by T cells
207
What are some examples of single organ autoimmune disorders?
-Hashimoto's thyroiditis
-Goodpasture's syndrome
-Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
-Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
-Myasthenia gravis
-Grave's disease
208
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a _____ (T cells) attack on thyroid cells
Lymphocytic
209
Hashimoto's affects ___-___ of every 1,000 Americans
1-1.5
210
Does Hashimoto's affect more women or men?
Women
211
Hashimoto's usually affects people between ___-___ years old
45-65
212
With Hashimoto's, the functioning thyroid cells will secret more ____, causing hyperthyroid symptoms which may be asymptomatic, or cause increased metabolism/energy (people feel good)
Thyroxine
213
Then, fibrosis occurs and inadequate thyroxine is produced, leading to ____ symptoms like decreased metabolism, weight gain, fatigue
Hypothyroid
214
What are three examples of systemic autoimmune disorders?
-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Sjogren's syndrome
215
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a failure to maintain ___ ___
Self tolerance
216
Lupus affects ___ of every 100,000 people
53
217
Is Lupus more common in men or women?
Women
218
Lupus occurs more commonly, and with a more severe presentation, in what population?
Black Americans
219
What are three possible mechanisms of Lupus?
-Failure to maintain self-tolerance
-Genetic and environmental factors
-Possibly EBV
220
Manifestations of Lupus:
-Low-grade fever
-Photosensitivity
-Ulcers in mouth and nose
-Muscle aches
-Arthritis
-Fatigue
-Loss of appetite
-Butterfly rash on the face
-Inflammation of the pleura and pericardium
-Poor circulation of fingers and toes
221
Inadequate immune response falls into one of what two categories?
-Primary immunodeficiency is present at birth
-Secondary immunodeficiency is an acquired disorder
222
Whether primary or secondary immunodeficiency, the end result is poor immune response and frequent ___ ___
Opportunistic infections
223
Brunton's Disease is a ____ ____ disease
Primary immunodeficiency
224
Bruton's disease affects ___ in 100,000 male infants at 5-6 months old which is when T-lymphocyes die off
1
225
Bruton's disease is a ____ disease
Genetic
226
Bruton's disease is also called...
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
227
Bruton's disease is caused by a ___ gene on the X chromosome
Bkt
228
The normal Bkt gene product promotes ___ ___ maturation before release into the bloodstream
B cell
229
Bruton's disease causes B cells to not ___, which leads to the absence of all types of immunoglobulins
Mature
230
People with Bruton's disease are prone to recurrent ___ ___
Pyogenic infections
231
DiGeorge Syndrome is a severe ___ ___ deficiency
T cell
232
DiGeorge syndrome affects ___ in ___ people
1 in 4000
233
DiGeorge syndrome causes significant ___ ___
Congenial defects
234
We can remember the symptoms of DiGeorge Syndrome with ____-___
CATCH-22
235
CATCH-22 stands for...
-Cardiac anomaly
-Abnormal facies
-T cell deficit
-Cleft palate
-Hypocalcemia
-Defect on chromosome 22
236
Manifestations of CATCH-22 include...
-Cognitive impairments
-Delayed speech
-Psychotic episode
-Death
237
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is also known as ___ ___ ____
Bubble Boy Disease
238
SCID is a severe ____ ____
Primary immunodeficiency
239
SCID affects 1 in ___-___
50,000-100,000
240
SCID is genetic and ___-linked and there may or may not be other chromosomes involved
X
241
Other genes affected by SCID may be:
-Common gamma chain of interleukins
-Adenosine deaminase
-Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
-RAG1/RAG2
-TAP
242
SCID is hallmarked by severe __ and __ cell defect
T and B
243
With SCID, ___ cells and ___ production are also defective
Plasma cells and immunoglobulin
244
Manifestations of SCID include...
-Severe, chronic/recurrent infections of all types
-Usually diagnosed at about 6 months of age when the child presents with multiple infections (newborn screening)
245
Treatment for SCID includes...
-Bone marrow transplant
-Total isolation
-Stem cell transplantation (rejection might be an issue)
-Gene therapy (leukemia)
246
AIDS is a ____ immune disorder
Secondary
247
There is an AIDS pandemic, affecting ___% of the worldwide population
0.6
248
HIV attacks ___ cells
CD4+
249
HIV gets into cells via ___ (early) or ____ (later) receptors
CCR5; CXCR4
250
HIV causes ___ ___ destruction
T cell
251
HIV leads to a loss of ___ ___ ___
Cell-mediated immunity
252
Three stages of HIV/AIDS:
-Early symptoms
-Progression
-Conversion to AIDS
253
Treatment of HIV includes...
-Prevention
-Antiretroviral therapy
254
Currently, there is no cure or ____ for HIV/AIDS
Vaccine
255
A ___ ___ ____ for HIV/AIDS has had limited success (2/30 cured, most died), until 2007
Bone marrow transplant
256
The ___ ___ had acute myeloid leukemia and HIV; he was given chemotherapy and two bone marrow transplants (CCR5 delta 32 mutation; no CXCR4 genotyping)
Berlin Patient
257
Since the second transplant, the patient has been off of ____
Antiretroviral therapy
258
In a 2010 follow-up with the Berlin Patient, HIV was undetectable since ___ days post 1st bone marrow transplant; he also has normal CD4 T cell counts
60
259
Disadvantages with bone marrow transplant for AIDS:
-Few CCR5 delta 32 donors
-Costly
-High risk procedure
260
Vaccine development for AIDS is using traditional methods as well as...
RNAi (silencing the CCR5)
