neurological disorders

Question 1

glasgow coma scale has 3 categories to measure severity of mTBI

Answer 1

1) Eye Opening = from no response to spontaneous eye opening
2) Motor Response = From flaccid muscles to voluntary movement of muscles in response to commands
3) Verbal Response = From no response to full orientation to time, place and self

Question 2

closed head injuries are most common in what brain areas?

Answer 2

frontal and temporal lobes

Question 3

Common and most likely at frontal lobes and temporal poles due to the uneven, “sandpaper-like” surface of the bone plates that hold them in place.

Answer 3

diffuse axonal injury

Question 4

Physical forces shear, tear and rupture nerves, blood vessels, and the covering of the brain.

Answer 4

diffuse axonal injury

Question 5

diffuse axonal injury are most commonly described in a?

Answer 5

concussion

Question 6

cerebral hemorrhage can result from a

Answer 6

closed head injury

Question 7

why can closed head injuries lead to cerebral hemorrhaging

Answer 7

blood gets trapped and can result in a hematoma putting pressure on the brain
- another source of pressure is caused by edema

Question 8

Two neurobehavioral effects of closed head injury.

Answer 8

1) Impairment in functions mediated by the cortex at the site of coup or countrecoup lesion
2) Generalized impairment due to widespread trauma throughout the brain

Question 9

Skull is fractured and there is an opening causing the brain to be exposed
-exemplifies a ?

Answer 9

open head injury

Question 10

Neurobehavioral effects align with expected deficits based on where the lesion occ
-exemplifies a?

Answer 10

open head injury

Question 11

in a open head injury recovery takes?

Answer 11

could be rapid or could take years

Question 12

4 symptoms of PTSD

Answer 12

1) Intrusion symptoms
2) Persistent avoidance
3) Negative alterations in cognitions and mood
–> Inability to remember important aspect of trauma
4) Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity
–> Problems with concentration

Question 13

3 neurocognitive models of PTSD

Answer 13

1) Decreased hippocampal volumes
2) hyperactive amygdala
3) hypoactive dorsal and orbital prefrontal cortex

Question 14

Most common cause of death and chronic disease in the Western world

Answer 14

cerebral vascular disorders

Question 15

a stroke and Infarct are causes of?

Answer 15

cerebral vascular accident

Question 16

the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain

Answer 16

stroke

Question 17

area of dead or dying tissue resulting from an obstruction of the blood vessels

Answer 17

infarct

Question 18

cerebral vascular disorder symptoms are contingent on

Answer 18

the location of the injury

Question 19

Disorders due to vessel blockage preventing sufficient supply of blood to the brain

Answer 19

ischemia

Question 20

Coagulated blood forming a plug or clot in the blood vessel

Answer 20

thrombosis

Question 21

A clot or plug that is brought through the blood from a larger vessel to a smaller vessel – Plug can be a clot, bubble of air, or mass of cells

Answer 21

embolism

Question 22

cerebral arteriosclerosis is a conditions that narrows blood vessels by? (cerebral ischemia)

Answer 22

thickening and hardening of the arteries

Question 23

transient ischemia (known as? and symptoms)

Answer 23

Temporary ischemia – Sudden tingling of face, disorientation, impaired speech, motor weakness

Question 24

cerebral hemorrhage is? most frequently caused by?

Answer 24

massive bleeding into the brain. hypertension, high blood pressure,

Question 25

intracerebral hemorrhage looks like

Answer 25

Vessel rupture, Increased ICP Neuronal death

Question 26

subarachnoid hemorrhage looks like

Answer 26

Rupture occurs within the subarachnoid space | Increased ICP

Question 27

Congenital collection of abnormal blood vessels that divert normal flow of blood

Answer 27

angioma

Question 28

``` Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) (what are they) what do they cause ```

Answer 28

Masses of enlarged and tortuous cortical vessels | angioma

Question 29

angioma leads to poor

Answer 29

blood distribution

Question 30

angiomas lead to increase stroke risk. why?

Answer 30

the walls of the malformation are typically quite weak which makes them easier to burst

Question 31

Vascular dilation, balloon-like expansion, caused by weakening of arterial wall

Answer 31

aneurysms

Question 32

aneurysms are due mostly to? but also?

Answer 32

congenital defects, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, embolisms, or infections

Question 33

treatment steps of an aneurysm

Answer 33

1) microcatheter inserted into the femoral artery 2) aneurysm is filled with coiled wire 3) microcatheter is withdrawn leaving the wire

Question 34

Mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently (don’t serve a purpose)

Answer 34

neoplasm (tumor)

Question 35

2 types of tumors

Answer 35

benign and malignant

Question 36

Not likely to recur after removal – Can cause pressure, and can also be inaccessible to surgeon -what type of tumor

Answer 36

benign

Question 37

Likely to recur after removal – Progressive and life-threatening – Spread to other parts of body (the form of cancer you see where there is high risk of death) -what type of tumor

Answer 37

malignant

Question 38

Arises from glial cells and infiltrates brain substance – Roughly 45% of tumors

Answer 38

glioma

Question 39

Growths attached to the meninges – Grow outside brain and well encapsulated

Answer 39

Meningioma—most benign of tumors

Question 40

Occurs in brain after tumor cells transfer from elsewhere (tumor cells form the lungs move to the brain)

Answer 40

metastatic tumor

Question 41

treatments of tumors

Answer 41

Surgery and Radiation – Chemotherapy: not as successful because it is more difficult to get drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier

Question 42

Encapsulated tumor - Easier to remove, but functional Consequence due to all The pressure

Answer 42

meningioma

Question 43

Far more difficult to remove - Try chemo or radiation

Answer 43

infiltrating tumor

Question 44

neurosurgery is most typically used to remove ?

Answer 44

tumors and epileptic foci