neurological disorders Flashcards
glasgow coma scale has 3 categories to measure severity of mTBI
1) Eye Opening = from no response to spontaneous eye opening
2) Motor Response = From flaccid muscles to voluntary movement of muscles in response to commands
3) Verbal Response = From no response to full orientation to time, place and self
closed head injuries are most common in what brain areas?
frontal and temporal lobes
Common and most likely at frontal lobes and temporal poles due to the uneven, “sandpaper-like” surface of the bone plates that hold them in place.
diffuse axonal injury
Physical forces shear, tear and rupture nerves, blood vessels, and the covering of the brain.
diffuse axonal injury
diffuse axonal injury are most commonly described in a?
concussion
cerebral hemorrhage can result from a
closed head injury
why can closed head injuries lead to cerebral hemorrhaging
blood gets trapped and can result in a hematoma putting pressure on the brain
- another source of pressure is caused by edema
Two neurobehavioral effects of closed head injury.
1) Impairment in functions mediated by the cortex at the site of coup or countrecoup lesion
2) Generalized impairment due to widespread trauma throughout the brain
Skull is fractured and there is an opening causing the brain to be exposed
-exemplifies a ?
open head injury
Neurobehavioral effects align with expected deficits based on where the lesion occ
-exemplifies a?
open head injury
in a open head injury recovery takes?
could be rapid or could take years
4 symptoms of PTSD
1) Intrusion symptoms
2) Persistent avoidance
3) Negative alterations in cognitions and mood
–> Inability to remember important aspect of trauma
4) Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity
–> Problems with concentration
3 neurocognitive models of PTSD
1) Decreased hippocampal volumes
2) hyperactive amygdala
3) hypoactive dorsal and orbital prefrontal cortex
Most common cause of death and chronic disease in the Western world
cerebral vascular disorders
a stroke and Infarct are causes of?
cerebral vascular accident
the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain
stroke
area of dead or dying tissue resulting from an obstruction of the blood vessels
infarct
cerebral vascular disorder symptoms are contingent on
the location of the injury
Disorders due to vessel blockage preventing sufficient supply of blood to the brain
ischemia
Coagulated blood forming a plug or clot in the blood vessel
thrombosis
A clot or plug that is brought through the blood from a larger vessel to a smaller vessel – Plug can be a clot, bubble of air, or mass of cells
embolism
cerebral arteriosclerosis is a conditions that narrows blood vessels by? (cerebral ischemia)
thickening and hardening of the arteries
transient ischemia (known as? and symptoms)
Temporary ischemia – Sudden tingling of face, disorientation, impaired speech, motor weakness
cerebral hemorrhage is? most frequently caused by?
massive bleeding into the brain. hypertension, high blood pressure,
intracerebral hemorrhage looks like
Vessel rupture,
Increased ICP
Neuronal death
subarachnoid hemorrhage looks like
Rupture occurs within the subarachnoid space
Increased ICP
Congenital collection of abnormal blood vessels that divert normal flow of blood
angioma
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) (what are they) what do they cause
Masses of enlarged and tortuous cortical vessels
angioma
angioma leads to poor
blood distribution
angiomas lead to increase stroke risk. why?
the walls of the malformation are typically quite weak which makes them easier to burst
Vascular dilation, balloon-like expansion, caused by weakening of arterial wall
aneurysms
aneurysms are due mostly to? but also?
congenital defects, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, embolisms, or infections
treatment steps of an aneurysm
1) microcatheter inserted into the femoral artery
2) aneurysm is filled with coiled wire
3) microcatheter is withdrawn leaving the wire
Mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently (don’t serve a purpose)
neoplasm (tumor)
2 types of tumors
benign and malignant
Not likely to recur after removal – Can cause pressure, and can also be inaccessible to surgeon
-what type of tumor
benign
Likely to recur after removal – Progressive and life-threatening – Spread to other parts of body (the form of cancer you see where there is high risk of death)
-what type of tumor
malignant
Arises from glial cells and infiltrates brain substance – Roughly 45% of tumors
glioma
Growths attached to the meninges – Grow outside brain and well encapsulated
Meningioma—most benign of tumors
Occurs in brain after tumor cells transfer from elsewhere (tumor cells form the lungs move to the brain)
metastatic tumor
treatments of tumors
Surgery and Radiation – Chemotherapy: not as successful because it is more difficult to get drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier
Encapsulated tumor - Easier to remove, but functional Consequence due to all The pressure
meningioma
Far more difficult to remove - Try chemo or radiation
infiltrating tumor
neurosurgery is most typically used to remove ?
tumors and epileptic foci
