neurological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

glasgow coma scale has 3 categories to measure severity of mTBI

A

1) Eye Opening = from no response to spontaneous eye opening
2) Motor Response = From flaccid muscles to voluntary movement of muscles in response to commands
3) Verbal Response = From no response to full orientation to time, place and self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

closed head injuries are most common in what brain areas?

A

frontal and temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common and most likely at frontal lobes and temporal poles due to the uneven, “sandpaper-like” surface of the bone plates that hold them in place.

A

diffuse axonal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Physical forces shear, tear and rupture nerves, blood vessels, and the covering of the brain.

A

diffuse axonal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diffuse axonal injury are most commonly described in a?

A

concussion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cerebral hemorrhage can result from a

A

closed head injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why can closed head injuries lead to cerebral hemorrhaging

A

blood gets trapped and can result in a hematoma putting pressure on the brain
- another source of pressure is caused by edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two neurobehavioral effects of closed head injury.

A

1) Impairment in functions mediated by the cortex at the site of coup or countrecoup lesion
2) Generalized impairment due to widespread trauma throughout the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Skull is fractured and there is an opening causing the brain to be exposed
-exemplifies a ?

A

open head injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurobehavioral effects align with expected deficits based on where the lesion occ
-exemplifies a?

A

open head injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in a open head injury recovery takes?

A

could be rapid or could take years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 symptoms of PTSD

A

1) Intrusion symptoms
2) Persistent avoidance
3) Negative alterations in cognitions and mood
–> Inability to remember important aspect of trauma
4) Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity
–> Problems with concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 neurocognitive models of PTSD

A

1) Decreased hippocampal volumes
2) hyperactive amygdala
3) hypoactive dorsal and orbital prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most common cause of death and chronic disease in the Western world

A

cerebral vascular disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a stroke and Infarct are causes of?

A

cerebral vascular accident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain

A

stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

area of dead or dying tissue resulting from an obstruction of the blood vessels

A

infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cerebral vascular disorder symptoms are contingent on

A

the location of the injury

19
Q

Disorders due to vessel blockage preventing sufficient supply of blood to the brain

A

ischemia

20
Q

Coagulated blood forming a plug or clot in the blood vessel

A

thrombosis

21
Q

A clot or plug that is brought through the blood from a larger vessel to a smaller vessel – Plug can be a clot, bubble of air, or mass of cells

A

embolism

22
Q

cerebral arteriosclerosis is a conditions that narrows blood vessels by? (cerebral ischemia)

A

thickening and hardening of the arteries

23
Q

transient ischemia (known as? and symptoms)

A

Temporary ischemia – Sudden tingling of face, disorientation, impaired speech, motor weakness

24
Q

cerebral hemorrhage is? most frequently caused by?

A

massive bleeding into the brain. hypertension, high blood pressure,

25
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage looks like

A

Vessel rupture,
Increased ICP
Neuronal death

26
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage looks like

A

Rupture occurs within the subarachnoid space

Increased ICP

27
Q

Congenital collection of abnormal blood vessels that divert normal flow of blood

A

angioma

28
Q
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) (what are they) 
what do they cause
A

Masses of enlarged and tortuous cortical vessels

angioma

29
Q

angioma leads to poor

A

blood distribution

30
Q

angiomas lead to increase stroke risk. why?

A

the walls of the malformation are typically quite weak which makes them easier to burst

31
Q

Vascular dilation, balloon-like expansion, caused by weakening of arterial wall

A

aneurysms

32
Q

aneurysms are due mostly to? but also?

A

congenital defects, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, embolisms, or infections

33
Q

treatment steps of an aneurysm

A

1) microcatheter inserted into the femoral artery
2) aneurysm is filled with coiled wire
3) microcatheter is withdrawn leaving the wire

34
Q

Mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently (don’t serve a purpose)

A

neoplasm (tumor)

35
Q

2 types of tumors

A

benign and malignant

36
Q

Not likely to recur after removal – Can cause pressure, and can also be inaccessible to surgeon
-what type of tumor

A

benign

37
Q

Likely to recur after removal – Progressive and life-threatening – Spread to other parts of body (the form of cancer you see where there is high risk of death)
-what type of tumor

A

malignant

38
Q

Arises from glial cells and infiltrates brain substance – Roughly 45% of tumors

A

glioma

39
Q

Growths attached to the meninges – Grow outside brain and well encapsulated

A

Meningioma—most benign of tumors

40
Q

Occurs in brain after tumor cells transfer from elsewhere (tumor cells form the lungs move to the brain)

A

metastatic tumor

41
Q

treatments of tumors

A

Surgery and Radiation – Chemotherapy: not as successful because it is more difficult to get drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier

42
Q

Encapsulated tumor - Easier to remove, but functional Consequence due to all The pressure

A

meningioma

43
Q

Far more difficult to remove - Try chemo or radiation

A

infiltrating tumor

44
Q

neurosurgery is most typically used to remove ?

A

tumors and epileptic foci