attention, memory and learning

Question 1

what are peterson and posners 3 distinct networks for attention

Answer 1

alerting network
orientating network
dual executive network

Question 2

Attention system is anatomically separate from the sensory systems that process incoming information and produce behaviors
-whose network of attention theory?

Answer 2

peterson and posner

Question 3

Speeds up reaction & detection of stimuli (especially by enhancing function of prefrontal and posterior parietal regions)
-what network of attention?

Answer 3

alerting network

Question 4

the alerting network of attentions key is ? from ? in the brain stem

Answer 4

adrenergic projection from locus coeruleus

Question 5

in the alerting network of attention, activity get increased in what brain part?

Answer 5

anterior cingulate cortex and related structures

Question 6

Prioritizes sensory input by selecting a sensory modality or location in space
-what network of attention is this?

Answer 6

orientating network

Question 7

the orientating network is composed of 2 other networks. what are they?

Answer 7

dorsal orientating network and the ventral orientating network

Question 8

Synchronizes visuo-spatial orienting in order to “lock on” to the attentional target.
-what network of attention?

Answer 8

dorsal orientating network

Question 9

Involved in disengaging and shifting attention to new targets.
- what network of attention

Answer 9

ventral orientating network

Question 10

frontoparietal system and cingulo-opercular system belong to what network of attention?

Answer 10

executive network

Question 11

frontoparietal system does what?

Answer 11

Voluntary control of attention on moment-to-moment basis

Question 12

cingulo-opercular system does what?

Answer 12

maintaining task set throughout a task

Question 13

structures of the orientate network are? and the modulator is?

Answer 13

superior parietal
temporal parietal 
frontal eye fields 
superior colliculus
-- acetylcholine

Question 14

structures of the alerting network are? and the modulator is?

Answer 14

locus coeruleas
right frontal
parietal cortex
–norepinephrine

Question 15

structures of the executive network are? and the modulator is?

Answer 15

anterior cingulate
lateral ventral 
prefrontal 
basal ganglia 
---dopamine

Question 16

The failure to notice an event that occurs while performing a task (e.g., “gorilla experiment”)

Answer 16

intentional blindness

Question 17

Failure to notice changes in presence, identity, or location of objects in scenes

Answer 17

change blindness

Question 18

5 models of memory (sensory modality based)

Answer 18

olfactive
auditory
gustative
tactile 
visual

Question 19

5 models of memory (content based)

Answer 19

memory for faces 
memory for objects 
memory for names 
spatial memory 
autiobiographical memory

Question 20

3 models of memory (time based)

Answer 20

past (retrograde)
present (anterograde)
future (prospective)

Question 21

3 models of memory (storage capacity based)

Answer 21

sensory
short term (working) 
long term

Question 22

short term memory is associated with processing on both ? and ?

Answer 22

dorsal (spatial/memory) and ventral streams (recognition)

Question 23

-Semantic memory (facts, general knowledge)
– Episodic memory (your own experiences)
- parts of?

Answer 23

long term explicit memory

Question 24

-Conditioning (pairing puff of air with tone, = blink etc)
– Procedural knowledge
– Priming (subconscious priming of people)
- parts of?

Answer 24

long term implicit memory

Question 25

episodic memory is dependent on what brain structures?

Answer 25

medial frontal lobes, medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus

Question 26

memory for personal experiences

Answer 26

episodic memory

Question 27

nonautobiographical knowledge about the world

Answer 27

semantic memory

Question 28

denate gyrus of hippocampus contains what kind of cells?

Answer 28

stellate granule cells (sensory)

Question 29

ammons horn of the hippocampus contains what kind of cells?

Answer 29

pyrimidal cells (motor)

Question 30

the input pathway of the hippocampus is called? | - it is the connection between the ? and the ?

Answer 30

perforant pathway | -hippocampus and posterior prefrontal cortex

Question 31

the output pathway of the hippocampus is called? | it is the connection between the ? and the ?

Answer 31

fimbria fornix | -hippocampus to the thalamus, prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus and basal ganglia

Question 32

More Left PFC Especially semantic information (encoding or retrieval)

Answer 32

encoding

Question 33

More Right PFC Bilateral parietal cortex (encoding or retrieval)

Answer 33

retrieval

Question 34

Suggested circuit for implicit memory that includes entire neocortex and basal ganglia -who? (neural substrates of implicit memory)

Answer 34

petri and meshkin

Question 35

Implicit memory not supported by discrete neural circuit – Instead it reflects plastic changes that take place in the brain regions processing the information -who? (neural substrates of implicit memory)

Answer 35

paul reber

Question 36

the pathway of neural circuit for implicit memory

Answer 36

sensory and motor info--> rest of neocortex--> basal ganglia substantia nigra ---> basal ganglia basal ganglia--> ventral thalamus --> pre motor cortex

Question 37

Inability to acquire new memories (after the injury

Answer 37

anterograde amnesia

Question 38

Inability to access old memories – May be incomplete—older memories accessible but more recent memories are not

Answer 38

retrograde amnesia

Question 39

what are the 3 theories of amnesia?

Answer 39

system consolidation theory multiple trace theory reconsolidation theory

Question 40

Role of the hippocampus is to consolidate memories, making them permanent, hold them for a time, and then send them to be stored elsewhere in the brain - what theory of amnesia?

Answer 40

system consolidation theory

Question 41

``` Three kinds of memory – Autobiographic memory – Factual semantic memory – General semantic memory – Each type is dependent on a different brain area -what theory of amnesia? ```

Answer 41

multiple trace theory

Question 42

the multiple trace theory believes there is 3 kinds of memories. these are?

Answer 42

- autobiographical - factual semantic - general semantic

Question 43

Memories rarely consist of single trace or neural substrate • Each time memory used it is reconsolidated -what theory of amnesia?

Answer 43

reconsolidation theory

Question 44

memory reenters a labile phase when it is recalled and is then re-stored as a new memory – Results in many different traces for the same event -what theory of amnesia

Answer 44

reconsolidation theory

Question 45

Loss of old memories and inability to form new ones; can be a one-time event

Answer 45

transient global amnesia

Question 46

Medial-temporal-lobe damage leads to anterograde amnesia | – Damage to the insula contributes to retrograde amnesia

Answer 46

herpes simplex encephalitis

Question 47

damage to what leads to anterograde amnesia?

Answer 47

medial temporal lobe

Question 48

damage to what contributes to retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

insula

Question 49

-Begins with cellular change in the medial temporal cortex and anterograde amnesia – Later, damage to the temporal association and frontal cortical areas is related to retrograde amnesia

Answer 49

alzheimers disease

Question 50

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia – Confabulation – Meager content in conversation – Lack of insight – Apathy – They make up new things to fill the gaps in their memories (unintentionally -what are these signs of?

Answer 50

karsakoffs syndrome

Question 51

what is karsakoffs syndrome caused from?

Answer 51

a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency resulting from prolonged alcohol intake

Question 52

karsakoffs syndrome may be from damage to?

Answer 52

medial thalamus, mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, and frontal lobe atrophy

Question 53

Form of autism in which individuals have high intellectual function and excellent memory abilities

Answer 53

aspergers

Question 54

Person who has an intellectual disability but also has a special ability in math, memory, or music

Answer 54

savant

Question 55

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory – Incredible memory ability—can completely recall events in their lives (including weather and social events!

Answer 55

HSAM

Question 56

alzhiemers begins with what amnesia and later gets what type of amnesia?

Answer 56

anterograde and retrograde