attention, memory and learning Flashcards
what are peterson and posners 3 distinct networks for attention
alerting network
orientating network
dual executive network
Attention system is anatomically separate from the sensory systems that process incoming information and produce behaviors
-whose network of attention theory?
peterson and posner
Speeds up reaction & detection of stimuli (especially by enhancing function of prefrontal and posterior parietal regions)
-what network of attention?
alerting network
the alerting network of attentions key is ? from ? in the brain stem
adrenergic projection from locus coeruleus
in the alerting network of attention, activity get increased in what brain part?
anterior cingulate cortex and related structures
Prioritizes sensory input by selecting a sensory modality or location in space
-what network of attention is this?
orientating network
the orientating network is composed of 2 other networks. what are they?
dorsal orientating network and the ventral orientating network
Synchronizes visuo-spatial orienting in order to “lock on” to the attentional target.
-what network of attention?
dorsal orientating network
Involved in disengaging and shifting attention to new targets.
- what network of attention
ventral orientating network
frontoparietal system and cingulo-opercular system belong to what network of attention?
executive network
frontoparietal system does what?
Voluntary control of attention on moment-to-moment basis
cingulo-opercular system does what?
maintaining task set throughout a task
structures of the orientate network are? and the modulator is?
superior parietal temporal parietal frontal eye fields superior colliculus -- acetylcholine
structures of the alerting network are? and the modulator is?
locus coeruleas
right frontal
parietal cortex
–norepinephrine
structures of the executive network are? and the modulator is?
anterior cingulate lateral ventral prefrontal basal ganglia ---dopamine
The failure to notice an event that occurs while performing a task (e.g., “gorilla experiment”)
intentional blindness
Failure to notice changes in presence, identity, or location of objects in scenes
change blindness
5 models of memory (sensory modality based)
olfactive auditory gustative tactile visual
5 models of memory (content based)
memory for faces memory for objects memory for names spatial memory autiobiographical memory
3 models of memory (time based)
past (retrograde)
present (anterograde)
future (prospective)
3 models of memory (storage capacity based)
sensory short term (working) long term
short term memory is associated with processing on both ? and ?
dorsal (spatial/memory) and ventral streams (recognition)
-Semantic memory (facts, general knowledge)
– Episodic memory (your own experiences)
- parts of?
long term explicit memory
-Conditioning (pairing puff of air with tone, = blink etc)
– Procedural knowledge
– Priming (subconscious priming of people)
- parts of?
long term implicit memory
episodic memory is dependent on what brain structures?
medial frontal lobes, medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus
memory for personal experiences
episodic memory
nonautobiographical knowledge about the world
semantic memory
denate gyrus of hippocampus contains what kind of cells?
stellate granule cells (sensory)
ammons horn of the hippocampus contains what kind of cells?
pyrimidal cells (motor)
the input pathway of the hippocampus is called?
- it is the connection between the ? and the ?
perforant pathway
-hippocampus and posterior prefrontal cortex
the output pathway of the hippocampus is called?
it is the connection between the ? and the ?
fimbria fornix
-hippocampus to the thalamus, prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus and basal ganglia
More Left PFC
Especially semantic information
(encoding or retrieval)
encoding
More Right PFC
Bilateral parietal cortex
(encoding or retrieval)
retrieval
Suggested circuit for implicit memory that includes entire neocortex and basal ganglia
-who? (neural substrates of implicit memory)
petri and meshkin
Implicit memory not supported by discrete neural circuit
– Instead it reflects plastic changes that take place in the brain regions processing the information
-who? (neural substrates of implicit memory)
paul reber
the pathway of neural circuit for implicit memory
sensory and motor info–> rest of neocortex–> basal ganglia
substantia nigra —> basal ganglia
basal ganglia–> ventral thalamus –> pre motor cortex
Inability to acquire new memories (after the injury
anterograde amnesia
Inability to access old memories – May be incomplete—older memories accessible but more recent memories are not
retrograde amnesia
what are the 3 theories of amnesia?
system consolidation theory
multiple trace theory
reconsolidation theory
Role of the hippocampus is to consolidate memories, making them permanent, hold them for a time, and then send them to be stored elsewhere in the brain
- what theory of amnesia?
system consolidation theory
Three kinds of memory – Autobiographic memory – Factual semantic memory – General semantic memory – Each type is dependent on a different brain area -what theory of amnesia?
multiple trace theory
the multiple trace theory believes there is 3 kinds of memories. these are?
- autobiographical
- factual semantic
- general semantic
Memories rarely consist of single trace or neural substrate • Each time memory used it is reconsolidated
-what theory of amnesia?
reconsolidation theory
memory reenters a labile phase when it is recalled and is then re-stored as a new memory – Results in many different traces for the same event
-what theory of amnesia
reconsolidation theory
Loss of old memories and inability to form new ones; can be a one-time event
transient global amnesia
Medial-temporal-lobe damage leads to anterograde amnesia
– Damage to the insula contributes to retrograde amnesia
herpes simplex encephalitis
damage to what leads to anterograde amnesia?
medial temporal lobe
damage to what contributes to retrograde amnesia
insula
-Begins with cellular change in the medial temporal cortex and anterograde amnesia
– Later, damage to the temporal association and frontal cortical areas is related to retrograde amnesia
alzheimers disease
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia – Confabulation – Meager content in conversation – Lack of insight – Apathy – They make up new things to fill the gaps in their memories (unintentionally
-what are these signs of?
karsakoffs syndrome
what is karsakoffs syndrome caused from?
a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency resulting from prolonged alcohol intake
karsakoffs syndrome may be from damage to?
medial thalamus, mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, and frontal lobe atrophy
Form of autism in which individuals have high intellectual function and excellent memory abilities
aspergers
Person who has an intellectual disability but also has a special ability in math, memory, or music
savant
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory – Incredible memory ability—can completely recall events in their lives (including weather and social events!
HSAM
alzhiemers begins with what amnesia and later gets what type of amnesia?
anterograde and retrograde
