brain development

Question 1

3 approaches to studying the brain

Answer 1

1) Correlate nervous system development with the development of specific behaviors
2) Look at behavior and make inferences about brain development
3) Examine factors that influence both brain development and behavioral development

Question 2

the development of parietal lobe areas and grasping is an example of what approach to studying the brain

Answer 2

Correlate nervous system development with the development of specific behaviors

Question 3

at birth children do not speak, so the neural structures underlying speech production are not yet developed (we assume the structures are under development. an example of what approach to brain development ?

Answer 3

Look at behavior and make inferences about brain development

Question 4

if some toxin affects language development, we assume it also affects brain development. an example of what approach to brain development,

Answer 4

Examine factors that influence both brain development and behavioral development

Question 5

the brain looks human after how many days?

Answer 5

100

Question 6

when does the brain gyri and sulci develop

Answer 6

7 months

Question 7

what is a neural tube and when does it develop?

Answer 7

rolled up sheets of cells that will form the brain and spinal cord
- begins to develop at weeks after conception

Question 8

7 stages of brain development

Answer 8

1) cell birth (gliogenisis, neurogenisis)
2) cell migration
3) cell differentiation
4) cell maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
5) synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
6) cell death and synaptic pruning
7) mylogenisis (formation of myelin)

Question 9

Grow out of the neural tube and Have capacity for self-renewal. what is this?

Answer 9

neural stem cells

Question 10

progenitor cells are produced by? and produce?

Answer 10

neural stem cells, neuroblasts and glioblasts

Question 11

what is lined with neural stem cells

Answer 11

sub- ventricular zone in adults

Question 12

what goes through neurogenesis in adults

Answer 12

sub ventricular zone in adults

Question 13

Primitive” map in subventricular area guides cells to predisposed cortical location

Answer 13

cell migration

Question 14

cell migration builds from ?

Answer 14

inside to outside

Question 15

cell migration continues for how long?

Answer 15

until about 8 months after birth

Question 16

radial glial cells extend form where to where?

Answer 16

sub ventricular zone to cortical areas

Question 17

Neurons migrate out by traveling along “roads” of these cells

Answer 17

radial glial cells

Question 18

the brain is more sensitive to trauma during?

Answer 18

migration as opposed to generation

Question 19

why is the brain more sensitive to trauma during migration?

Answer 19

if cells get put in the wrong place due to trauma, they will always stay there and interfere

Question 20

neuroblasts become specific types of neurons during?

Answer 20

cell differentiation

Question 21

cell differentiation is essentially complete when?

Answer 21

at birth

Question 22

neuron maturation (synaptic and dendritic growth) continues into?

Answer 22

adulthood (get actual connections)

Question 23

neuroblasts cells produce

Answer 23

projecting neurons and interneurons

Question 24

glioblasts produce

Answer 24

oliogodendroglia and astrocytes

Question 25

development of the dendrites happens when

Answer 25

neural maturation

Question 26

Dendritic arborization is what? and is part of what stage?

Answer 26

branching, neural maturation

Question 27

growth of dendritic spines happens in what stage

Answer 27

dendritic maturation

Question 28

is development of dendrites is a ? process

Answer 28

slow (continues long after birth) (micrometers a day)

Question 29

Have specific targets to reach and A slightly faster process (millimeter/day). development of what?

Answer 29

axons

Question 30

the development of axons is part of what process

Answer 30

neural maturation

Question 31

what can travel great distances?

Answer 31

axons

Question 32

5 phases of synaptic pruning and formation

Answer 32

1 and 2: Take place in embryonic life and generated independently of experience 3: Rapid growth – both pre and postnatal – 4: Plateau and rapid elimination through puberty (pruning) 5: Plateau in middle age, then steady decline with age

Question 33

synaptic pruning differs depending on what?

Answer 33

cortical region

Question 34

striate pruning occurs prior to?

Answer 34

prefrontal pruning

Question 35

experience expectant and experience dependent are part of what process

Answer 35

synaptic growth and formation

Question 36

Development depends on the presence of sensory experiences

Answer 36

experience expectant

Question 37

experience expectant is part of what phases of synaptic pruning

Answer 37

phases 3 and 4 (early in life)

Question 38

Generation of synapses that are unique to the individual

Answer 38

experience dependent

Question 39

experience dependent is part of what phase of synaptic pruning

Answer 39

3 4 and 5 (throughout life)

Question 40

glial development begins after what ?

Answer 40

neuronal birth and continues through life

Question 41

Allows for normal adult function (quick and efficient communication

Answer 41

myelination

Question 42

myelination is part of what developmental process

Answer 42

glial development

Question 43

myelination begins when and ends when?

Answer 43

begins at birth and goes until 18 years of life

Question 44

different areas of the cortex are myelinated at?

Answer 44

different times

Question 45

the areas of the brain myelinated last are usually for?

Answer 45

more complex processes (executive function )

Question 46

Piaget: Stages of Cognitive Development | and timing

Answer 46

Sensorimotor (Birth to ~1.5-2 years) Preoperational (~2-6 years) Concrete operations (~7-11 years) Formal operations ( 12+ years)

Question 47

Object permanence (what stage of cognitive development)

Answer 47

sensorimotor

Question 48

Can understand Conservation (take things literally) (what stage of cognitive development)

Answer 48

concrete operations

Question 49

abstract reasoning (what stage of cognitive development)

Answer 49

formal operation

Question 50

Can represent things with words and drawings (e.g., language development) (what stage of cognitive development)

Answer 50

preoperational

Question 51

the piagetian stages of development correspond too?

Answer 51

growth spurts in brain to body ratio

Question 52

Deprived environments and traumatic experiences can adversely impact physical health, mental health, and cognitio

Answer 52

aversive environments

Question 53

has shown long-term affects on neurological function and increased risk for addiction, suicidality, and mental health disorders

Answer 53

adverse childhood experiences (ACE)

Question 54

Benefits of environmental complexity • Adverse effects of prenatal drug exposure • Gene expression is impacted by maternal diet during prenatal development • If rats are in a more stimulating environment they will get more spine density and dendritic length (nutrients the fetus gets also influences this)

Answer 54

environmental effects

Question 55

Inattention (more girls) – Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (Most common disturbance) -exemplifies what?

Answer 55

ADHD

Question 56

what % of children in the US diagnosed with ADHD

Answer 56

5%

Question 57

ADHD is associated with what brain regions

Answer 57

ventral/inferior areas of the frontal lobe (impaired self regulation)

Question 58

Children display impaired social interaction, narrow range of interests, language and communication abnormalities – May have preserved intellect - exemplifies what?

Answer 58

autism

Question 59

genetic influences of autism?

Answer 59

DUF 1220 increased repeats leads to more brain cells (# of repeats correlates with the size of head

Question 60

2 brain abnormalities associated with autism

Answer 60

1) larger head and brain size then normal (pruning? brain cell division?) 2) Failure of the von Economo neurons in frontal cortex to develop normally(associated with theory of mind defiecits)

Question 61

Physical Malformation and Intellectural Impairments (exemplifies what?

Answer 61

FASD

Question 62

brain abnormalities of children with FASD

Answer 62

1) Smaller brains 2) Abnormal gyri (folds don’t develop as well) “flat brain” 3) Abnormal clusters of cells & misaligned cells in cortex

Question 63

Learning disabilities, low IQ, hyperactivity, and social problems - exemplifies what?

Answer 63

FASD

Question 64

dementia occurs in % over 65 and % over 80?

Answer 64

5-7%, 50%

Question 65

DSM-5 diagnosis categories – Major/Mild neurodegenerative disorder (NCD) - exemplifies what?

Answer 65

dementia

Question 66

the most prevalent dementia

Answer 66

Alzheimer's

Question 67

dementia accounts for % of people with dementia over age 65

Answer 67

65%

Question 68

Neuritic (Amyloid) Plaques are found in what? and are positively correlated with?

Answer 68

cerebral cortex. cognitive decline

Question 69

Paired Helical Filaments are known as? and found where?

Answer 69

neurofibrillary tangles, cortex and hippocampus

Question 70

neuritic plaques and paired helical filaments are associated with?

Answer 70

alzheimers

Question 71

neocortical changes of alzheimers?

Answer 71

shrinkage of the cortex (degeneration of the limbic system and entorhinal cortex)

Question 72

cell changes of alzheimers

Answer 72

cell shrinkage | loss of dendritic arborizations

Question 73

Gradual progression of loss: – Recent memory – Remote memory – Ability to recognize family members

Answer 73

alzheimers