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PSYCH 351b > brain development > Flashcards

brain development Flashcards

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1
Q

3 approaches to studying the brain

A

1) Correlate nervous system development with the development of specific behaviors
2) Look at behavior and make inferences about brain development
3) Examine factors that influence both brain development and behavioral development

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2
Q

the development of parietal lobe areas and grasping is an example of what approach to studying the brain

A

Correlate nervous system development with the development of specific behaviors

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3
Q

at birth children do not speak, so the neural structures underlying speech production are not yet developed (we assume the structures are under development. an example of what approach to brain development ?

A

Look at behavior and make inferences about brain development

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4
Q

if some toxin affects language development, we assume it also affects brain development. an example of what approach to brain development,

A

Examine factors that influence both brain development and behavioral development

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5
Q

the brain looks human after how many days?

A

100

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6
Q

when does the brain gyri and sulci develop

A

7 months

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7
Q

what is a neural tube and when does it develop?

A

rolled up sheets of cells that will form the brain and spinal cord
- begins to develop at weeks after conception

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8
Q

7 stages of brain development

A

1) cell birth (gliogenisis, neurogenisis)
2) cell migration
3) cell differentiation
4) cell maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
5) synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
6) cell death and synaptic pruning
7) mylogenisis (formation of myelin)

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9
Q

Grow out of the neural tube and Have capacity for self-renewal. what is this?

A

neural stem cells

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10
Q

progenitor cells are produced by? and produce?

A

neural stem cells, neuroblasts and glioblasts

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11
Q

what is lined with neural stem cells

A

sub- ventricular zone in adults

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12
Q

what goes through neurogenesis in adults

A

sub ventricular zone in adults

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13
Q

Primitive” map in subventricular area guides cells to predisposed cortical location

A

cell migration

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14
Q

cell migration builds from ?

A

inside to outside

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15
Q

cell migration continues for how long?

A

until about 8 months after birth

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16
Q

radial glial cells extend form where to where?

A

sub ventricular zone to cortical areas

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17
Q

Neurons migrate out by traveling along “roads” of these cells

A

radial glial cells

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18
Q

the brain is more sensitive to trauma during?

A

migration as opposed to generation

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19
Q

why is the brain more sensitive to trauma during migration?

A

if cells get put in the wrong place due to trauma, they will always stay there and interfere

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20
Q

neuroblasts become specific types of neurons during?

A

cell differentiation

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21
Q

cell differentiation is essentially complete when?

A

at birth

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22
Q

neuron maturation (synaptic and dendritic growth) continues into?

A

adulthood (get actual connections)

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23
Q

neuroblasts cells produce

A

projecting neurons and interneurons

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24
Q

glioblasts produce

A

oliogodendroglia and astrocytes

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25
Q

development of the dendrites happens when

A

neural maturation

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26
Q

Dendritic arborization is what? and is part of what stage?

A

branching, neural maturation

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27
Q

growth of dendritic spines happens in what stage

A

dendritic maturation

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28
Q

is development of dendrites is a ? process

A

slow (continues long after birth) (micrometers a day)

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29
Q

Have specific targets to reach and A slightly faster process (millimeter/day). development of what?

A

axons

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30
Q

the development of axons is part of what process

A

neural maturation

31
Q

what can travel great distances?

A

axons

32
Q

5 phases of synaptic pruning and formation

A

1 and 2: Take place in embryonic life and generated independently of experience

3: Rapid growth – both pre and postnatal – 4: Plateau and rapid elimination through puberty (pruning)
5: Plateau in middle age, then steady decline with age

33
Q

synaptic pruning differs depending on what?

A

cortical region

34
Q

striate pruning occurs prior to?

A

prefrontal pruning

35
Q

experience expectant and experience dependent are part of what process

A

synaptic growth and formation

36
Q

Development depends on the presence of sensory experiences

A

experience expectant

37
Q

experience expectant is part of what phases of synaptic pruning

A

phases 3 and 4 (early in life)

38
Q

Generation of synapses that are unique to the individual

A

experience dependent

39
Q

experience dependent is part of what phase of synaptic pruning

A

3 4 and 5 (throughout life)

40
Q

glial development begins after what ?

A

neuronal birth and continues through life

41
Q

Allows for normal adult function (quick and efficient communication

A

myelination

42
Q

myelination is part of what developmental process

A

glial development

43
Q

myelination begins when and ends when?

A

begins at birth and goes until 18 years of life

44
Q

different areas of the cortex are myelinated at?

A

different times

45
Q

the areas of the brain myelinated last are usually for?

A

more complex processes (executive function )

46
Q

Piaget: Stages of Cognitive Development

and timing

A

Sensorimotor (Birth to ~1.5-2 years)
Preoperational (~2-6 years)
Concrete operations (~7-11 years)
Formal operations ( 12+ years)

47
Q

Object permanence (what stage of cognitive development)

A

sensorimotor

48
Q

Can understand Conservation (take things literally) (what stage of cognitive development)

A

concrete operations

49
Q

abstract reasoning (what stage of cognitive development)

A

formal operation

50
Q

Can represent things with words and drawings (e.g., language development) (what stage of cognitive development)

A

preoperational

51
Q

the piagetian stages of development correspond too?

A

growth spurts in brain to body ratio

52
Q

Deprived environments and traumatic experiences can adversely impact physical health, mental health, and cognitio

A

aversive environments

53
Q

has shown long-term affects on neurological function and increased risk for addiction, suicidality, and mental health disorders

A

adverse childhood experiences (ACE)

54
Q

Benefits of environmental complexity • Adverse effects of prenatal drug exposure • Gene expression is impacted by maternal diet during prenatal development • If rats are in a more stimulating environment they will get more spine density and dendritic length (nutrients the fetus gets also influences this)

A

environmental effects

55
Q

Inattention (more girls) – Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (Most common disturbance)
-exemplifies what?

A

ADHD

56
Q

what % of children in the US diagnosed with ADHD

A

5%

57
Q

ADHD is associated with what brain regions

A

ventral/inferior areas of the frontal lobe (impaired self regulation)

58
Q

Children display impaired social interaction, narrow range of interests, language and communication abnormalities – May have preserved intellect
- exemplifies what?

A

autism

59
Q

genetic influences of autism?

A

DUF 1220 increased repeats leads to more brain cells (# of repeats correlates with the size of head

60
Q

2 brain abnormalities associated with autism

A

1) larger head and brain size then normal (pruning? brain cell division?)
2) Failure of the von Economo neurons in frontal cortex to develop normally(associated with theory of mind defiecits)

61
Q

Physical Malformation and Intellectural Impairments (exemplifies what?

A

FASD

62
Q

brain abnormalities of children with FASD

A

1) Smaller brains
2) Abnormal gyri (folds don’t develop as well) “flat brain”
3) Abnormal clusters of cells & misaligned cells in cortex

63
Q

Learning disabilities, low IQ, hyperactivity, and social problems
- exemplifies what?

A

FASD

64
Q

dementia occurs in % over 65 and % over 80?

A

5-7%, 50%

65
Q

DSM-5 diagnosis categories – Major/Mild neurodegenerative disorder (NCD)
- exemplifies what?

A

dementia

66
Q

the most prevalent dementia

A

Alzheimer’s

67
Q

dementia accounts for % of people with dementia over age 65

A

65%

68
Q

Neuritic (Amyloid) Plaques are found in what? and are positively correlated with?

A

cerebral cortex. cognitive decline

69
Q

Paired Helical Filaments are known as? and found where?

A

neurofibrillary tangles, cortex and hippocampus

70
Q

neuritic plaques and paired helical filaments are associated with?

A

alzheimers

71
Q

neocortical changes of alzheimers?

A

shrinkage of the cortex (degeneration of the limbic system and entorhinal cortex)

72
Q

cell changes of alzheimers

A

cell shrinkage

loss of dendritic arborizations

73
Q

Gradual progression of loss: – Recent memory – Remote memory – Ability to recognize family members

A

alzheimers

PSYCH 351b (9 decks)

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