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Neuro Terms > Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

When linings of arteries develop a later of plaque, deposits of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and cellular waste products

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2
Q

Atherosclerosis can cause …

A

Heart attacks and strokes

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3
Q

Where does atherosclerotic plaques often form?

A

In the internal carotid artery, which supplies most of the blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What are the two main kinds of stroke?

A

Hemorrhagic stroke & ischemic stroke

Hemorrhagic stroke: rupture of a cerebral blood vessel. Rare

Ischemic stroke: occlusion of a blood vessel. 87% of strokes

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5
Q

What is a thrombus

A

Blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which may block it and reduce blood flow to the affected area

Blood clot can be good if we’re injured, but if it forms in a healthy vessel, it is a trombus

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6
Q

What is an embolus

A

When a piece of the thrombus has broken free and got stuck in a different place than it started. Can cause problem elsewhere

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7
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function

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8
Q

Non-malignang tumor

A

Noncancerous, benign tumor. Has distinct border and cannot metastasize

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9
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Cancerous tumor. Lacks distinct border and may metastasize

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10
Q

Metastasis

A

Process by which cells break off of a tumor, travel through the vascular system and grow elsewhere in the body

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11
Q

Why is there bo tumors related to neurons

A

Because neurons don’t devide. Cancer occurs only where there is cell division

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12
Q

The major distinction between malignang and non-malignant tumor?

A

Whether the tumor is encapsulated ⭕️. If not, the tumor grows by infiltrating the surrounding tissue. Removing malignang tumors can be hard because some cancer cells are often misse, and these cells will produce new tumors

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13
Q

Tumors (malignanf or benign) damage brain tissue by two means:

A

Compression and infiltration. Even a benign tumor occupies space and thus pushes against the brain (destroy brain tissue)

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14
Q

Gliomas

A

Malignang brain tumor. Comes from cells that make glia. Rapidly proliferate and are more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation than mosy tumor cells

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15
Q

Meningioma

A

Non-malignant tumor. Composed of celle that constitute the meninges. Often right between cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

Can meningioma tumor be problematic? How?

A

Yes, even tho it’s encapsulated, it can be so big that it displaces a whole hemisphere.

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17
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain
-caused by infection, toxic chemicams, or allergic reaction

18
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meninges caused by virused or bacteria

19
Q

What’s polio

A

Viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord

20
Q

Whats rabies?

A

Fatal viral disease that causes brain dammage; usualmu transmitter through the bite of an infected animal

21
Q

What is herpes simplex virus?

A

Virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips or genitals. In rare causes, it instesd enters the brain causinf encephalitis and brain damage

22
Q

Main causes of seizures

A

-scarring
-high fevers (espec. in young children)
-withdrawal from GABA agonists, such as alcohol and barbiturates

23
Q

Seizure & genetics?

A

Most seizure disorders are caused by nongenetic factors

24
Q

What’s a synonym for epilepsy?

A

Seizure disorder

25
Q

What’s a convulsion?

A

Violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movements causes by seizure.

26
Q

Do seizures always cause convulsions?

A

No, most do not

27
Q

Partial vs generalized seizure

A

Partial has not spread through the entire brain while generalized has spread to the entire brain.

28
Q

Two types of partial seizures

A

-simple partial seizure: a seizure that does not produce loss of consciousness. Can cause changes in consciousness, but not loss of consciousness

-complex partial seizure: loss of consciousness

29
Q

What is grand mal seizure

A

A generalized, tonic-clonic seizure, which results in a convulsion

30
Q

What is an aura?

A

A sensation that precedes a seizure. The sensation depends on the location of the seizure focus

31
Q

What is a tonic-clonic seizure

A

A generalized grand mal seizure that tupically starts with an aura that is followed by a tonic phase and then a clonic phase. This type of seizure involves convulsions

32
Q

What happens in the tonic phase

A

It’s the first phase lf tonic-clonic seizure, in which all of the patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted

33
Q

What happens in the clonic phase?

A

It’s the second phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which patient shows rhythmic jerking movements

34
Q

What is an absence seizure (petit mal seizure)?

A

A type of seizure disorder often seen in children; characterized by periods of inattention, which are not subsequently remembered. Lot of blinking.

Part of generalized seizures (no apparent local onset)

35
Q

What drugs used to treat seizure disorders?

A

Anticonvulsant drugs (ex. Benzodiazepines), many of which work by increasing effectiveness of inhibitory synapses

36
Q

What is probably the most dangerous drug during pregnancy?

A

Alchohol. If consumption during 3rd and 4th week: fetal alcohol syndrome, facial abnormalities + severe intellectual disabilities

37
Q

What are inherited metabolic disorders?

A

Inherited mutations in the synthesis of enzymes that can cause brain damage or impir brain development.

Hundredd of different inherited metabolic disorders can affect development of the brain

38
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

Hereditary disorder caused by absence of enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. So accumulation of phenylalanine (leading to brain damage) unless speciam diet implemented

39
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Heritable, fatal, metabolic storage disorder. Lack of vital enzymes in lysosomes that normally destroys waste , so accumulation of waste products in lysosomes + swelling of cells of brainz

40
Q

What is down syndrome caused by?

A

Possesion of extra twenty-first chromosome

41
Q

Is down syndrome hereditary?

A

Most of the time, no. It is congenital, meaning you are born with it

42
Q

Why do we think people with down syndrome have more chance of dying from alzheimer disease?

A

Because some of the genes that are linked to alzheimer are on the 21st chromosome. So having a tripple kit does increase your chances

Neuro Terms (11 decks)

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