Depression & Anxiety

Question 1

What does «affect» refer to

Answer 1

Feelings or emotions

Just as the primary symptom of schizophrenia are disordered toughts, affective disorders (mood disorders) are characterized disordered feelings

Question 2

What are the two principal types of mood disorders

Answer 2

bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder

Question 3

Diagnosis of depression in men and woman

Answer 3

Men: 3%
Women: 7%

Question 4

Bipolar disorder: what is it + percentage of pop. affected

Answer 4

Serioud mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of mania and depression

1% of pop

Question 5

True of false: both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are highly related to genetics

Answer 5

False. Yes, risk in bipolar is 80% related to genetics, but for depressive disorder it is really more related to environmental factors (40% risk related to genetics)

Question 6

What is major depressive disorder

Answer 6

Serioud mood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression (that do not alternate with periods of mania)

Question 7

Describe mania

Answer 7

Sense of euphoria that does not seem to be justified by circumstances, nonstop speech and motor activity, unrealistic goals, delusions

Question 8

What is the treatment that works with bipolar disorder (but not with depression, hence why it is different to depression)

Answer 8

Lithium in high doses. To treat the manic phase of bipolar disease. Once mania is eliminatef, depression usually does not follow.

But delicate dosing situation because too high doses can be toxic

Question 9

Treatment for major depressive disorder: tricyclic antidepressant

Answer 9

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and noréinephrine, but also affect other neurotransmitters

Question 10

Treatment for major depressive disorder: serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Answer 10

Specifically inhibit the reutake of serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters (ex. Prozac)

Question 11

Treatment for major depressive disorder: serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SRNI)

Answer 11

Antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin without affecting reuptake of other neurotransmitters

Question 12

What is the monoamine hypothesis

Answer 12

The idea is that depression is caused by insufficient monoamine receptor activity (the monoamines are serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine). So SSRIs and SNRIs are effective at treating depression and tryptophan (precursor to serotonin) depletion leads to depressive episodes.

Note that many proofs against that hypothesis, saying that SSRIs and SNRIs take weeks to relieve the symtoms (even tho the levels of 5-HT and norepinephrine increases rapidly). Meaning something other than increase in monoamine receptor activity is responsible for the normalization of mood.

Question 13

What part of the brain showed less activity in fMRI after successful treatments (people who had depression and then got better)

Answer 13

Anterior cingulate cortex (the subgenual region known as area 25)

Question 14

What is a technique to treat depressive disorder that people are very optomistic about but has different effects for everyone

Answer 14

Deep brain stimulation.

In subgenual anterior cingulate cortex but also transcraniam magnetic stimulation to areas in prefrontal cortex or vagal nerve stimulation

Question 15

Electroconvulsive therapy: what is it, how does it work

Answer 15

Used to alleviate severe depression qnd bipolar disorder. Seizures electrically induced by applying brief electrical shocks. No convulsions because person id unconscious

Rapid effect, reduce symptoms within days.

Question 16

Patterns of sleep in depressed patients

Answer 16

-fragmentation of sleep
-more time in stage 1 sleep and less time in deep, slow-wave sleep (stages 3-4).
-enter REM sleep soon after falling asleep
-reduced sleep latency, reduced REM latency

Question 17

What does total sleep deprivation (antidepressant effect of not sleeping) suggests

Answer 17

That a chemical builds up during waling hours that has sone antidepressant effect, and it gets cleared away during sleep

Question 18

How do we call the fear of having a panic attack

Answer 18

Anticipatory anxiety

Question 19

What anticipatory anxiety sometimes lead to (fear of…)

Answer 19

Agoraphobia: fear of being away from home or other protected places

Question 20

How many people affected by anxiety disorder, ratio males/females

Answer 20

12% of pop affected in a year, 12% will develop a specific phobia and 10% will develop social anxiety disorder at some point in their life.

2:1 females

Question 21

What fMRI studies show in amygdala and prefrontal cortex looking at angry faces

Answer 21

Increased activation of the amygdala and decreased activation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 22

2 meds used to treat anxiety disorder

Answer 22

Benzodiazepines: particularly in emergency situations because of their rapid onset (short-term)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI): the most common, for long-term