Neurological and Musculoskeletal Flashcards
nerves that go from your brain to your eyes, mouth, ears, and head
cranial
nerves in your brain and spinal cord
central
nerves go from your spinal cord to your arms, hands, legs, feet
peripheral
nerves go from your spinal cord to your lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, and sex organs
autonomic
major considerations for neuro system assessment
chief complaint
physical condition
ability to cooperate with assessment
dysarthria
difficulty speaking
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
defective muscular coordination manifested with attempted voluntary movements
ataxia
Rigid body position assumed by a patient who has lost cerebral control
decerebrate
Characterized by arms that are stiff and extended, the forearms pronated, and the deep tendon reflexes exaggerated.
decerebrate
Posture of a patient with a lesion at or above the upper brainstem
decorticate
Character: Rigidly still with arms flexed, fists clenched, and legs extended.
decorticate
Remembers events or information from a few minutes before
immediate
Remembers events or information from earlier in the day
recent
Remembers events or information from months or years ago
remote
partial or incomplete paralysis
paresis
abnormal or unpleasant sensation that results from injury to one or more nerves (burning, tingling)
paresthesia
Awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium.
proprioception
alternate involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation in rapid succession.
clonus
hyperreflexivity – jerky beat
four major components of cerebral function assessment
LOC
orientation
verbal responsiveness
mental status exam
a&o
alert and oriented
The patient is drowsy but awakens—although not fully—to stimulation. She will answer questions and follow commands, but will do so slowly and inattentively. Sluggish.
lethargy
The patient is difficult to arouse and needs constant stimulation in order to follow a simple command. They may respond verbally with one or two words, but will drift back to sleep between stimulation. Confused when awake.
obtunded
The patient arouses to vigorous and continuous stimulation; typically, a painful stimulus is required. They may moan briefly but does not follow commands. Their only response may be an attempt to withdraw from or remove the painful stimulus.
stupor
The patient does not respond to continuous or painful stimulation. They do not move—except, possibly, reflexively—and does not make any verbal sounds.
comatose
loc
loss of consciousness or level of consciousness (clarify!)
The patient is alert, attentive, and follows commands. If asleep, she responds promptly to external stimulation and, once awake, remains attentive.
full consciousness
oriented x4
person
place
time
situation
triceps, biceps, brachioradialis, patellar, achilles
deep tendon reflex
reflex response: very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, always abnormal
4+
reflex response: diminished, low normal, or occurs only with reinforcement
1+
reflex response: average
2+
reflex response: no response
0
reflex response: very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, always abnormal
3+
Extension of the big toe upon plantar reflex check
Babinski’s sign: abnormal, except in children younger than 2 years
normal response to plantar reflex check
plantar flexion (curling under)
four qualities of muscle
size, strength, tone, involuntary movements
rapid alternating movements, finger to nose, heel to shin test assess what function?
coordination and skilled movements
loses balance with feet together, arms at side, eyes closed
positive Romberg test
spinothalamic tract assessments
pain, temperature, light touch
the ability to recognize forms by touch
stereognosis
the ability to recognize letters, words, numbers, outlines, or symbols when drawn on the skin
graphesthesia
glasgow coma scale
easily reproducible basic neuro exam.
musculoskeletal functions
support movement protection of internal vital organs production of red blood cells storage of minerals
non inflammatory joint pain on weight bearing joints
degenerative joint disease
inflammation of the joint
osteoarthritis
systemic disease where chronic inflammation leads to erosion/destruction of the joint
rheumatoid arthritis
loss of bone mass; more common after menopause
osteoporosis
pivot joint example
skull on spine
ball and socket joint example
shoulder
ellipsoidal joint example
wrist
hinge joint example
elbow
crunching noise on movement
crepitus
muscle wasting
atrophy
increased muscle mass
hypertrophy
shortened muscle
contracture
twitch or involuntary muscle movement
fasciculation
muscle grade: Able to move joint w/ full resistance through ROM
5
muscle grade: able to move joint against gravity
3
muscle grade: slight contraction
1
muscle grade: able to move joint with some resistance through ROM
4
muscle grade: no contraction
0
muscle grade: able to move joint in a gravity eliminated position
2
normal gait
smooth, rhythmic, effortless, contralateral
syndactyly
fewer digits
polydactyly
additional digits
genu varum
bowlegged (can be caused by Ricketts)
genu valgum
knock knee
talipes equinovarus
clubfoot
hallux valgus
deformation of big toe joint (can be with bunion)
inflammation of the synovial sac
bursitis
joint with uric acid and crystals
gout
most common gout attack location
big toe joint
one or more bones in a joint being out of position
dislocation
partial dislocation of a joint
subluxation
stiffness or fixation of a joint
ankylosis
