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Physiological Psychology > Neurological and Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological and Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

A type of ischemic stroke that occurs when a blood clot forms in an artery that supplies blood to the brain

A

thrombotic stroke

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2
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Idris is in a serious car accident that causes a traumatic brain injury. After regaining consciousness in the hospital, Idris has anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia that affects memories for the ten months prior to the accident. When Idris’s long-term memories begin to return, he’s most likely to recall which types of memories first?

A

longer-term memories

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3
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Migraine headaches have been linked to abnormal levels of:

A

serotonin

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4
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Which is not a characteristic of hypothyroidism?
a) decreased libido
b) heat intolerance
c) confusion
d) unexplained weight gain

A

b) heat intolerance

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5
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

A client with __________ tells her therapist that, since her traumatic brain injury, she has had trouble disciplining her children because, when she tells them she’s angry about what they’ve done, she doesn’t sound angry and, as a result, they don’t listen to her. As the client describes the problems she has with her children, she speaks in a monotone.

A

aprosodia

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6
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

an MRI-based technique that is used to detect abnormalities in the brain’s white matter by measuring the spreading of water molecules in the tissues

A

diffusion tensor imaging

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7
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

a type of seizure that causes a very brief loss of consciousness, often without being noticed, typically lasting 10-20 seocnds and characterized by a blank stare

A

generalized onset non-motor

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8
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

levodopa is most effective for which symptom(s) of Parkinson’s?

A

bradykinesia

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9
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Parkinson’s disease has been linked to a degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in which area of the brain

A

substantia nigra

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10
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

medical term for a stroke that is caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain that causes brain cells to die / a loss in neurological functioning.

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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11
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

all of the following are risk factors for stroke except (and which is the largest risk factor?)

a) obesity
b) agranulocytosis
c) hypertension
d) male gender
e) AA race

A

b) agranulocytosis
c) hypertension

other risk factors: heart disease, diabetes, cigarette smoking, older age, family hx of stroke, heavy alcohol consumption

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12
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

what are the 2 main types of stroke and what causes each of them

A

1) ischemic stroke: caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow
2) hemorrhagic stroke: caused by bleeding in the brain (these are further categorized by where the bleeding occurs)

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13
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this is most common type of stroke, which is caused by a blood clot blocking an atery in the brain

A

ischemic

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14
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this is a less common type of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain

A

hemorrhagic

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15
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of stroke is caused by a blood clot in a cerebral artery that supplies blood to the brain

A

thrombotic stroke

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16
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of stroke is caused by blockage in a cerebral artery due to a blood clot developing in the heart or elsewhere in the body and then traveling through the bloodstream to the brain

A

embolic stroke

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17
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of stroke is also known as a “mini-stroke,” is caused by temporary blockage of bloodflow to the brain, and is usually a warning sign that a more severe stoke may occur in the future

A

transient ischemic stroke (TIA)

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18
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of stroke is due to bleeding in the brain and occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery within the brain or in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain

A

hemorrhagic stroke

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19
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of hemorrhage occurs a cerebral artery ruptures in the brain and bleeds into the brain tissue

A

intracerebral hemorrage

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20
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of hemorrhage occurs in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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21
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

symptoms of a stroke depend on which ____ is involved.

A

artery

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22
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this artery is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery, supplies a large area of the brain, and is the most commonly affected artery in a stroke

A

middle cerebral artery

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23
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

a stroke involving the middle cerebral artery would damage what area of the brain & result in these symptoms

A
  • frontal, parietal, & temporal lobes
  • symptoms
    aphasia (speech difficulties; due to damage in the dominant hemisphere)
    contralateral neglect (neglecting one side of visual field; non-dominant hemisphere affected)
    other sxs: facial weakness, arm paralysis, & sensory loss
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24
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

a stroke involving the posterior cerebral artery would result in these symptoms…

A
  • headache
  • nausea & vomiting
  • memory loss
  • speech difficulties (Dysarthria)
  • ataxia
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25
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

A stroke involving the anterior cerebral artery would result in these symptoms…

A
  • executive dysfunction (e.g., impaired insight & judgment)
  • mutism
  • urinary incontinence
  • confusion
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26
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

these types of TBIs depend on the injury’s location and severity, while these types of TBIs usually cause more widespread damage

A

open; closed

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27
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of head injury may produce a loss of consciousness; and, when individuals regain consciousness, they usually experience a variety of mental (e.g., emotional, cognitive, & behavioral) & physical symptoms

A

TBI

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28
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

cognitive symptoms of a TBI may include what symptoms associated with memory problems

A

anterograde & retrograde amnesia

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29
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

the duration of cognitive symptoms after TBI is a good predictor of what

A

recovery

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30
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

when retrograde amnesia occurs after a TBI, which memories are affected more? when lost memories begin to return, those from the most ____ past are recovered first

A

recent long-term; distant

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31
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

physical symptoms of a TBI include all of the following except:

a) nausea and vomiting
b) headaches
c) strokes
d) seizures

A

c) strokes

physical sxs also include: fatigue, loss of consciousness, pupil dilation, weakness or numbness in limbs, & difficulty w/ balance & coordination

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32
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

which of the following is the term for a neurological condition that affects the ability to express or understand prosody (i.e., variations in the rhythm, pitch, timing, & loudness of speech that are used to convey emotional info)

a) ataxia
b) aprosodia
c) anasognosia
d) asomatognosia

A

b) aprosodia (the inability to produce or comprehend affective components of language)

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33
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

post-traumatic seizues can occur within what timeframe following a TBI and can often be successfully treated with anti-seizure meds

A

1 week

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34
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this symptom of a TBI can occur more than 1 week after and is typically harder to treat

A

post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)

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35
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

the following are alternative treatments used when medication is ineffective to treat this neurological disorder

a) vagus nerve stimulation
b) responsiveness neurostimulation (RNS)
c) surgery

A

post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)

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36
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

some evidence suggests that seizures following TBI are linked to atrophy in what brain areas

A

temporal lobe & hippocampus

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37
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

describe the typical prognosis for a TBI

at 3 months, 1 year, lifetime

A
  • most recover within first 3 months with substantial improvement during the 1st year
  • many people continue to have symptoms indefinitely, especially with moderate to severe injury
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38
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that is mostly inherited and involves a general lack of coordination & an unsteady gait

A

Huntington’s

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39
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 4 is responsible for Huntington’s disease

A

huntington (HTT) gene

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40
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Offspring of a 1 person with the huntington (HTT) gene have a ____% chance of inheriting Huntington’s, while offspring of 2 people with this gene have a ____% change of inheriting Huntington’s

A

50%; 75%

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41
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Huntington’s is primarily associated with neurodegeneration in these brain areas

A

basal ganglia (specifically the striatum)

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42
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

neuroimaging studies of Huntington’s have found that atrophy in these 2 brain areas is apparent years before the onset of symptoms

A

caudate nucleus & putamen

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43
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Huntington’s is associated with abnormal levels of this neurotransmitter

A

dopamine

also, GABA & glutamate

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44
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

symptoms of Huntington’s most often appear between these ages and life expectancy is usually this many years after onset of symptoms

A
  • 30 to 50 years
  • 10 to 30 years
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45
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

progression of Huntington’s disease varies, but typically these symptoms precede cognitive & motor symptoms. List these symptoms.

A

affective
* emotional changes: irritability, depression, aggression

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46
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

typical progression of symptoms with Huntington’s suggests that these symptoms are not just a reaction to the distress but instead a manifestation of what

A

underlying pathological changes

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47
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

what primary motor symptom is associated with onset of Huntington’s? Symptoms associated with later stages and criteria for mild or major neurocognitive disorder?

three C’s

A

Chorea (involuntary, jerky movements)

other symptoms:
Cognitive decline (memory problems, difficulty concentrating)
Changes in mood/behavior (irritability, depression, aggression)

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48
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

treatment goals for Huntington’s

A
  • no cure
  • relieve symptoms & improve quality of life
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49
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that produces prominent motor symptoms and is the result of a combination of genetic & environmental factors

A

Parkinson’s

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50
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

neurotransmitters & low/high levels of each associated with Parkinson’s

D.A.N.G.

A

low levels
* dopamine
* acetylcholine
* norepinephrine deficiency

high levels
* glutamate

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51
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

the motor symptoms involved in Parkinson’s are associated with these 2 brain areas

A
  • substantia nigra
  • basal ganglia
52
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

low levels of acetylcholine are associated with these symptoms of Parkinson’s

A
  • impairments in gait & balance (physical)
  • cognitive decline (cognitive)
53
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

depression & anxiety, sleep disturbances, and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s is associated with low levels of this neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

54
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this gene is associated with increased risk for neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, & Lewy bodies

A

ApoE gene

55
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

4 types of motor symptoms of Parkinson’s

T.R.A.P.

A

Tremor (when muscles are at rest that begins in hands & includes “pill-rolling”)
Rigidity in the face, limbs, & trunk (mask-like facial expression)
Akinesia (slowed voluntary movement [bradykinesia]
Postural instability (dificulty maintaining balance, increased risk of falls

56
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Up to ____% of people experience depression at some time during the Parkinson’s, with depressive symptoms preceding motor symptoms in about ____% of cases

A

50%; 20%

57
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Parkinson’s treatment & prognosis

A
  • no cure
  • temporarily alleviate symptoms with meds that increase dopamine levels
58
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

first-line medication for Parkinson’s and how med works

A

Levodopa
* converted to dopamine in the brain
* most effective for “T.R.A.” - reducing tremor, rigidity in muscles, and bradykinesia

59
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

alternative medications, med effects, & advantages for Parkinson’s when Levodopa isn’t effective

A
  • dopamine agonists: mimick dopamine at receptor sites
  • may delay progression & have fewer long-term side effects than levodopa (especially dyskinesias)
60
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

what other conditions are treated by dopamine agonists (aside from treating motor symptoms of Parkinson’s)

A
  • restless leg syndrome
  • neuroleptic malignant syndrome
61
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

treatment (not meds) for Parkinson’s when Levodopa and other dopamine agonist meds are not effective or are impairing quality of life

A

deep brain stimulation

62
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

define & describe deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A
  • a surgical treatment used to reduce motor symptoms of neurological disorders
  • involves implanting electrodes in brain areas responsible for motor sxs & a pulse generator under the chest skin & sending electrical impulses to brain areas to alter brain activity
63
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

what other conditions are treated by deep brain stimulation (DBS; aside from motor symptoms of Parkinson’s)

A
  • essential tremor
  • dystonia (neuro disorder causing involuntary muscle contractions)
  • treatment-resistant epilepsy
  • treatment-resistant OCD
64
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the 2 types of seizures

A

1) focal onset
2) generalized onset

65
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

characteristics of focal onset seizures

NOT symptoms

A

localized / focused in 1 area of the brain & affect 1 side of the body

66
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

a type of seizure (also known as simple partial seizures) in which symptoms depend on location in the brain and consciousness in not affected

A

focal onset aware seizure

67
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

a type of seizure (also known as complex partial seizures) that does affect consciousness and may begin with an aura

A

focal onset impaired awareness seizure

68
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

the most common type of focal onset impaired awareness seizures occur in this brain area, are categorized by sensory disturbances, & may begin with an aura, strange taste or odor, sudden intense emotion (e.g., fear), jamais vu (unfamiliarity) or deja vu

A

temporal lobe

69
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

characteristic symptoms of temporal lobe seizures

A
  • impaired awareness
  • aura
  • staring; dilated pupils
  • autonomic sxs: lip smacking, repeated chewing or swallowing, fidgeting, picking at clothing
  • speech difficulties
70
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

causes and triggers of temporal lobe seizures

A

causes
* brain trauma: TBI, infections, tumors CVAs
* genetics: hereditary & mutations

triggers
* psychological stress
* mentruation
* alchohol
* diet (high caffeine & sugar)

71
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

focal onset impaired awareness seizures that occur in this brain area are the second-most common type of focal onset impaired awareness seizure, symptoms are categorized as complex motor behaviors and often occur during sleep, lasting less than 30 seconds. List common symptoms.

A
  • frontal lobe

symptoms
* movement: repetitive, rocking, pedaling
* behavior: explosive screams, laughter, speech difficulties
* other: urinary incontinence & personality changes

72
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

focal onset impaired awareness seizures that occur in this brain area involve sensosry disturbances in the limbs, such as tingling, numbness, and pain and distortions in body image (e.g., feeling that a body part is enlarged, shrunken, or absent or feeling like you’re floating)

A

parietal lobe

73
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

focal onset impaired awareness seizures that occur in this brain area are characterized by visual hallucinations, rapid eye blinking, eyelid flutter, and involuntary eye movements; flashing or stationary bright lights, multi-colored circular patterns, as well as partial blindness, impaired visual acuity, or other visual impairment

A

occipital lobe

74
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of seizure affects the whole brain (e.g., both hemispheres)

A

generalized onset

75
Q

list the 2 types of generalized onset seizures

A

1) generalized onset MOTOR seizures
2) generalized onset NON-MOTOR seizures

76
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

generalized onset motor seizures are also known as these 2 terms

A

tonic-clonic seizures & grand mal

77
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

these types of generalized onset seizures cause a change in consciousness and include a tonic and clonic phase

A

generalized onset motor seizures

78
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list & describe the different phases of generalized onset motor seizures

T.C.A.M.

A

Tonic: stiffening muscles
Clonic: jerking movements
Myoclonic: suddent muscle jerks

Absense: staring spells

79
Q

after consciousness is regained following a generalized onset motor seizure, the person may experience what feel… and may have no memory for the events that occurred ____ the seizure.

A
  • depressed, confused, and/or fatigued
  • during
80
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

these types of generalized onset non-motor seizures are also known as petit mal seizures and involve a very brief loss of consciousness with a blank stare that may be accompanied by rapid blinking

T.C.A.M.

A

Absense: staring spells w/ brief loss of awareness

81
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

a single, continuous seizure (e.g., 5 minutes or more) or multiple recurrent seizures without a return to consciousness / enough time to recover between them

A

status epilepticus (SE)

82
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list & describe the 2 main types of status epilepticus (SE)

A
  • convulsive: most common type, characterized by physical convulsions, limb jerking & stiffening, & altered awareness
  • nonconvulsive: not physically obvious, characterized by altered awareness, minor muscle movements (e.g., small twitches or slow, repetitive motions
83
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

possible causes of status epilepticus (SE)?

A
  • brain trauma: TBIs, infection, CVAs
  • drug toxicity
  • autoimmune disorders
  • non-compliance w/ seizure meds
84
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

first-line treatment for status epilepticus (SE)? second-line meds when first-line meds aren’t effective?

A

1) Benzos
2) anti-seizure meds

85
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the 2 types of migraine headaches and typical triggers

A

types
1) with aura (classic migraine)
2) without aura (common migraine)

triggers
* emotional stress or relaxation after stress
* abrupt weather changes
* alcohol
* certain foods
* missing a meal

86
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

intensity associated with migraine headaches may be worsened by what 2 routine physical activities

A

bending forward & walking

87
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

migraine headaches have been linked to low levels of this neurotransmitter

A

serotonin

88
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

the following are common treatments for what neurological disorder: NSAIDs, ergot alkaloids, SSRIs, SSRI agonists, beta blockers, and/or a combination of thermal biofeedback and autogenic training

A

migraine headaches

89
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list & describe the 2 types of hypertension

A

1) primary hypertension: (aka the “silent killer”) no clear cause, often asymptomatic
2) secondary hypertension: caused by another underlying medical condition

90
Q

primary hypertension, accounts for up to ____% of all cases.

A

90%

91
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of hypertension is diagnosed when high blood pressure is due to a known disease. This disease is a known cause of this type of hypertension

A

secondary; Cushing’s syndrome

92
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list common risk factors for primary hypertension

A
  • Gender: male
  • Race: African American
  • Age: over 65+ years old
  • Lifestyle: obesity, high stress, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, excessive salt intake
  • Family Hx: of hypertension
  • Co-existing diseases: diabetes
93
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

common forms of treatment for hypertension

A
  • lifestyle changes
  • biofeedback & relaxation training
  • a duiretic
  • a beta blocker
  • an ACE inhibitor
  • other blood pressure meds
94
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

most common endocrine disorders affect this gland

A

thyroid gland

95
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this disorder is caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. List the most common symptoms

A

hyperthyroidism

  • heart issues: irregular or rapid heart rate, high blood pressure
  • weight loss: unintentional weight loss despite an increased appetite
  • increased body temp: heat intolerance, sweating more than normal
  • executive dysfunction: difficulty concentrating, emotional lability, reduced attention span
96
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

hypothyroidism is caused by too little production of thyroid hormones. List the most common symptoms

A
  • heart issues: decreased heart rate, low blood pressure
  • weight gain: unintentional weight gain despite decreased appetite
  • body temp: lowered body tem & cold intolerance (main difference from hyperthyroidism)
  • mental health issues: depression, impaired concentration, impaired memory, confusion
  • other physical changes: dry skin, brittle nails, coarse hair, puffy face
  • other: fatigue & reduced libido
97
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

a low level of ADH due to a tumor, infection, stroke, pituitary surgery, or other factors can cause this disease

A

diabetes insipidus

98
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A
  • frequent & excessive urination
  • extreme thirst & dehydration
  • constipation
  • weight loss
  • low blood pressure
99
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

the term used when diabetes insipidus is caused by a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH (i.e., vassopressin)

A

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

100
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this bodily organ maintains the body’s blood glucose balance by controlling the release of insulin and other hormones

A

pancreas

101
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this physical illness is the result of the pancreas releasing too much & potentially due to a tumor

A

blood glucose levels decrease, which can cause hypoglycemia

102
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

symptoms of severe hypoglycemia

A
  • confusion
  • seizures
  • loss of consciousness
  • coma
103
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

common causes of hypoglycemia

A
  • too much diabetes medication
  • not eating enough
  • vigorous exercise
  • critical illness / organ failure
  • an insulin-producing tumor in the pancreas
104
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

the disease is caused by increased blood glucose levels (often due to the pancreas releasing too little insulin or the body being unable to use the insulin the pancreas produces)

A

diabetes mellitus

105
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. common causes include a genetic predisposition and/or a viral infection

A

type 1 diabetes

106
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of diabestes is more common & occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin produced by the pancreas.

A

type 2 diabetes

107
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include the following…

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • over 45 years old
  • Native American, Afrian American, or Hispanic/Latino American
108
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

A
  • extreme thirst and hunger
  • frequent urination
  • unexplained weight loss
  • fatigue
  • blurred vision
  • tingling & numbness in hands or feet
  • frequent infections
109
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the 2 types of neurological diagnostic tests

A

1) Electroencephalography (EEG)
2) neuroimaging techniques

110
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this type of neurological diagnostic test uses small electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical impulses used by groups of neurons to communicate with each other

A

EEG

111
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the typical uses of an EEG

A
  • quickly identifying changes in brain activity
  • diagnose seizure disorders, brain injuries, and sleep disorders
  • confirming brain death
112
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the 2 types of neuroimaging techniques

A

1) structural techniques
2) functional techniques

113
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the 3 structural neuroimaging techniques

A
  • CT
  • MRI
  • DTI
114
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the 5 types of illnesses diagnosed by structural neuroimaging techniques

A
  • TBIs
  • strokes
  • tumors
  • degenerative disease
  • infections
115
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

CT and MRI primarily are primarily used to identify…

A

abnormalities in the density of brain tissue

116
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the advantages and disadvantages of CT

A

advantages:
- scanners are usually available in hospital ERs
- lower cost
- quicker images

Disadvantages:
- exposure to ionizing radiation (x-rays)

117
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the advantages and disadvantages of MRI

A

Advantages:
- more detailed, 3-D images
- can detect microhemorrhages, contusions (bruises on brain), and gliosis (scarring)

Disadvantages:
- requires ppl to remain motionless for a long period of time
- overly loud; requires use of earplugs or headphones

118
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

this is technique is type of MRI-based neuroimaging used to assess the structural integrity of white matter tracts (myelinated axons) that connect different regions of the brain & identify abnormalities in the rate and direction of the movement (diffusion) of water molecules along the axons

this would be used to diagnosis & monitor the progression of MS

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

119
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

functional techniques assess… by measuring…

A
  • glucose & oxygen consumption
  • regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) & blood volume
120
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

list the 3 types of functional neuroimaging techniques

A
  • positron emission tomography (PET)
  • single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
  • functional MRI (fMRI)
121
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

which 2 types of functional neuroimaging techniques use radioactive tracers (radiotracers) that are injected into the bloodstream to measure brain activity

A

PET & SPECT

122
Q

this type of functional neuroimagining technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves

A

fMRI

123
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

neuroimaging techniques are not sufficiently accurate to diagnose this disease

A

neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s

124
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Of the structural techniques, this type is usually preferred to CT because it provides an accurate three-dimensional measure of the volume of brain structures

A

MRI

125
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Of the functional techniques, fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) assesses glucose metabolism and is useful for distinguishing between these diseases

A

Alzheimer’s, fronotemporal & other types of neurocognitive disorders

Physiological Psychology (7 decks)

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