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Physiological Psychology > Neurological and Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological and Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

A(n) ________ is caused by a blood clot that developed in an artery in the brain:

A

thrombotic stroke

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2
Q

Idris is in a serious car accident that causes a traumatic brain injury. After regaining consciousness in the hospital, Idris has anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia that affects memories for the ten months prior to the accident. When Idris’s long-term memories begin to return, he’s most likely to recall which types of memories first?

A

longer-term memories

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3
Q

Migraine headaches have been linked to abnormal levels of:

A

serotonin

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4
Q

What are the characteristic of hypothyroidism?

A
  • decreased libido
  • confusion
  • unexplained weight gain
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5
Q

A client with __________ tells her therapist that, since her traumatic brain injury, she has had trouble disciplining her children because, when she tells them she’s angry about what they’ve done, she doesn’t sound angry and, as a result, they don’t listen to her. As the client describes the problems she has with her children, she speaks in a monotone.

A

aprosodia

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6
Q

______ is an MRI-based technique that is used to detect abnormalities in the brain’s white matter.

A

diffusion tensor imaging

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7
Q

________ seizures involve a very brief loss of consciousness with a blank stare.

A

generalized onset non-motor

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8
Q

As a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, levodopa is most effective for…?

A

bradykinesia

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9
Q

Parkinson’s disease has been linked to a degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the:

A

substantia nigra

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10
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) is known as a ___(A)___ and is caused by a ___(B)___ that causes a loss in neurological functioning.

A

(A) stroke
(B) a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain

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11
Q

What is the leading risk factor for stroke? Other risk factors?

A
  • hypertension
  • atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), heart disease, diabetes, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, obesity, older age, male gender, African American race, & family hx of stroke
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12
Q

What are the 2 main types of stroke?

A

1) ischemic stroke
2) hemorrhagic stroke

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13
Q

What is the most common type of stroke?

A

ischemic

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14
Q

What type of stroke is caused by blockage in a cerebral artery due to a blood clot developing in a brain artery?

A

thrombotic stroke

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15
Q

What type of stroke is caused by blockage in a cerebral artery due to a blood clot developing in the heart or elsewhere in the body and traveling through the bloodstream to the brain (embolic stroke)

A

embolic stroke

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16
Q

Name for stroke caused by blocked of an artery for less than 5 minutes that causes temporary symptoms?

A

transient ischemic stroke (TIA)

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17
Q

These types of strokes are medical emergencies and are a warning sign that a more severe stroke may occur in the future.

A

transient ischemic strokes (TIAs)

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18
Q

What type of stroke is due to bleeding that occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery within the brain or in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain?

A

hemorrhagic stroke

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19
Q

What type of hemorrhage occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery within the brain?

A

intracerebral hemorrage

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20
Q

What type of hemorrhage occurs in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain?

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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21
Q

Symptoms of a stroke depend on which _____ is involved.

A

artery

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22
Q

What artery is most often involved in a stroke?

A

the middle cerebral artery

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23
Q

A stroke involving any artery would result in symptoms, including contralateral sensory loss and hemiparesis (weakness) or hemiplegia (paralysis), contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual field loss), dysarthria (slurred speech), but when the ______ artery is involved symptoms also include aphasia (dominant hemisphere affected) OR contralateral neglect (non-dominant hemisphere affected).

A

middle cerebral artery

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24
Q

A stroke involving any artery would result in symptoms, including contralateral sensory loss and hemiparesis (weakness) or hemiplegia (paralysis), contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual field loss), dysarthria (slurred speech), but when the ______ artery is involved symptoms also include nausea and vomiting, and memory loss.

A

posterior cerebral artery

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25
Q

A stroke involving any artery would result in symptoms, including contralateral sensory loss and hemiparesis (weakness) or hemiplegia (paralysis), contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual field loss), dysarthria (slurred speech), but when the ______ artery is involved symptoms also include impaired insight and judgment, mutism, confusion, and urinary incontinence.

A

anterior cerebral artery

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26
Q

_______ can be open or closed.

A

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

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27
Q

___(A)___ head injuries depend on the injury’s location and severity, but ___(B)___ head injuries usually cause more widespread damage.

A

(A) open
(B) closed

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28
Q

______ may produce a loss of consciousness; and, when individuals regain consciousness, they usually experience a combination of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical symptoms.

A

TBI

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29
Q

________ symptoms of TBI may include some degree of anterograde or retrograde amnesia.

A

Cognitive

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30
Q

________ of cognitive symptoms after TBI is a good predictor of recovery from symptoms.

A

duration

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31
Q

When retrograde amnesia occurs after a TBI, ___(A)___ memories are affected more than ___(B)___ memories, and when lost memories begin to return, those from the most ___(C)___ past are recovered first.

A

(A) recent long-term
(B) remote
(C) distant

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32
Q

Other symptoms of a(n) ______ include nausea and vomiting, headaches, sleep disturbances, depression, irritability, aprosodia, and seizures.

A

TBI

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33
Q

________ is the inability to express or understand prosody (i.e., variations in the rhythm, pitch, timing, & loudness of speech that are used to convey emotional info) and can occur as the result of a TBI, stroke, or progressive neurological disease.

A

Aprosodia

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34
Q

___(A)___ occur within 1 week after TBI and can often be successfully treated with ___(B)___ meds.

A

(A) post-traumatic seizures (PTS)
(B) anti-seizure

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35
Q

______ occur more than 1 week after TBI and are typically harder to treat.

A

post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)

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36
Q

When medication is ineffective in treating Post-Traumatic Epilepsy (PTE), what other forms (3) of treatment are considered?

A

1) vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
2) responsiveness neurostimulation (RNS)
3) surgery

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37
Q

Some evidence suggests that seizures following TBI are linked to what type of damage in what brain areas?

A

atropy in temporal lobe & hippocampus

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38
Q

What is the prognosis for TBI?

A
  • most recover within first 3 months with substantial improvement during the 1st year
  • many people continue to have symptoms indefinitely, especially with moderate to severe injury
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39
Q

Name 2 motor disorders

A

Huntington’s & Parkinson’s

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40
Q

Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves ___(A)___, ___(B)___, and ___(C)___ symptoms.

A

(A) affective
(B) cognitive
(C) motor

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41
Q

What autosomal dominant gene and chromosome is responsible for Huntington’s disease?

A

the huntingtin (HTT) gene on chromosome 4

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42
Q

Offspring of a person with the huntingtin (HTT) gene have a ___% chance of inheriting Huntington’s?

A

50%

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43
Q

Neurodegeneration in what brain areas are associated with Huntington’s?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen in the basal ganglia
  • cerebral cortex
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
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44
Q

With Huntington’s disease, neuroimaging studies have found that ___(A)___ and atrophy in the ___(B)___ and ___(C)___ are apparent years before the onset of symptoms

A

(A) lucose hypometabolism
(B) caudate nucleus
(C) putamen

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45
Q

Abnormal levels of what neurotransmitters is associated with Huntington’s?

A
  • GABA
  • dopamine
  • glutamate
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46
Q

With Huntington’s, symptoms most often appear when are between what ages? Life expectancy is usually how many years after onset of symptoms?

A
  • 30 to 50 years
  • 10 to 30 years
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47
Q

With Huntington’s, progression of the disease varies, but typically ___(A)___ symptoms precede ___(B)___ and ___(C)___ symptoms.

A

(A) affective
(B) cognitive
(C) motor

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48
Q

Typical progression of symptoms with Huntington’s suggests that these symptoms are not just a reaction to the distress but instead a manifestation of ______.

A

underlying pathological changes

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49
Q

What affective symptoms are associated with Huntington’s?

A

depression & mood swings

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50
Q

What cognitive symptoms are associated with Huntington’s?

A
  • short-term memory loss
  • impaired concentration
  • impaired judgment
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51
Q

What primary motor symptom is associated with onset of Huntington’s? Symptoms associated with later stages and criteria for mild or major neurocognitive disorder?

A

1) chorea (irregular, uncontrollable jerky or writhing movements in hands, face, limbs, & torso)
2) rigidity, bradykinesia, trouble walking, speaking, and swallowing

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52
Q

What are treatment goals for Huntington’s?

A
  • no cure
  • relieve symptoms & improve quality of life
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53
Q

___(A)___ disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that produces prominent motor symptoms and is the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

A

Parkinson’s

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54
Q

What neurotransmitters are associated with Parkinson’s?

A
  • low levels of dopamine, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine deficiency
  • high levels of glutamate
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55
Q

Parkinson’s motor symptoms are associated with what brain areas?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • basal ganglia
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56
Q

Low levels of acetylcholine are associated with what symptoms in Parkinson’s?

A
  • impairments in gait & balance
  • cognitive decline
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57
Q

Depression, cognitive decline, sleep disturbances, and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s is associated with low levels of what neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine

58
Q

What gene is associated with increased risk for neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Lewy bodies, & vascular neurocognitive disorder?

A

ApoE gene

59
Q

4 types of motor symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

1) tremor (when muscles are at rest that begins in hands & includes “pill-rolling”)
2) impaired balance & coordination
3) rigidity (in the limbs & trunk)
4) slowed voluntary movement (bradykinesia) that may include mask-like facial expressions & decreased eye-blink frequency

60
Q

Up to __(A)__% of people experience depression at some time during the disorder, with depressive symptoms preceding motor symptoms in about __(B)__% of cases

A

(A) 50%
(B) 20%

61
Q

Parkinson’s treatment & prognosis

A
  • no cure
  • temporarily alleviate symptoms with meds that increase dopamine levels
62
Q

First-line medication for treating Parkinson’s and it’s effects

A

Levodopa - is converted to dopamine in the brain
- most effective for treating bradykinesia & reducing muscle rigidity and tremor

63
Q

Alternative medications, effects, & advantages for Parkinson’s when first-line med, Levodopa, isn’t effective?

A
  • dopamine agonists
  • mimicking dopamine at receptor sites
  • may delay progression & fewer long-term side effects than levodopa (especially dystonia, myoclonus, & other dyskinesias)
64
Q

Aside from treating motor symptoms of Parkinson’s, what other conditions are treated by dopamine agonists?

A
  • restless leg syndrome
  • neuroleptic malignant syndrome
65
Q

Alternative treatment (not meds) for Parkinson’s when Levodopa and other dopamine agonist meds are not adequately controlling motor symptoms or are significantly impairing the patient’s quality of life?

A

Deep brain stimulation

66
Q

What is deep brain stimulation (DBS)?

A

a surgical treatment that is also used to reduce motor symptoms

67
Q

_______ involves implanting electrodes that deliver electrical impulses in areas of the brain that are known to be responsible for the patient’s motor symptoms and implanting a programmable pulse generator under the skin in the patient’s chest that sends electrical impulses to target areas in the brain and alters brain activity in those areas.

A

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

68
Q

Aside from treating motor symptoms of Parkinson’s, what other conditions are treated by deep brain stimulation (DBS)?

A
  • essential tremor
  • dystonia
  • refractory epilepsy
  • refractory OCD
69
Q

2 types of seizures

A

1) focal onset
2) generalized onset

70
Q

Characteristics of focal onset seizures

A
  • begin in localized area in 1 cerebral hemisphere
  • affect one side of the body
  • may spread to other parts of brain
71
Q
A
71
Q

___(A)___ seizures (also known as simple partial seizures) do not affect consciousness and symptoms depend on ___(B)___

A

(A) Focal onset aware
(B) location

72
Q

___(A)___ seizures (also known as complex partial seizures) cause a change in ___(B)___ and may begin with a(n) ___(C)___.

A

(A) Focal onset impaired awareness
(B) consciousness
(C) aura

73
Q

___(A)___ seizures are the most common type of focal onset seizure and may begin with an aura with what characteristics?

A

(A) Temporal lobe
(B) strange taste or odor, rising sensation in the stomach, intense fear or other emotion, or deja vu (familiarity) or jamais vu (unfamiliarity)

74
Q

What are characteristic symptoms of temporal lob seizures?

A
  • sweating
  • dilated pupils
  • tachycardia
  • trouble speaking accompanied by impaired comprehension
  • autonomic symptoms, including lip-smacking, repeated chewing or swallowing, fidgeting, & picking at clothing,
75
Q

Causes and triggers of temporal lobe seizures?

A

CAUSES:
- genetics (hereditary & mutations)
- TBI
- brain tumors
- infections
- cerebrovascular accidents
TRIGGER:
- psychological stress

76
Q

___(A)___ seizures are the second-most common type of focal onset seizure, often occur during sleep, and last less than ___(B)___.

A

(A) Frontal lobe
(B) 30 seconds

77
Q

________ seizures consist of symptoms, including kicking, rocking, bicycle pedaling, and other repetitive movements, abnormal body posturring (e.g., fencing posture), explosive screams or laughter, trouble speaking with intact comprehension, and autonomic symptoms

A

frontal lobe seizures

78
Q

______ seizures involve tingling, numbness, pain, and other abnormal sensations; feelings of movement (e.g., floating); and distortions in body image (e.g., feeling that a body part is enlarged, shrunken, or absent).

A

Parietal lobe

79
Q

________ seizures are characterized by rapid eye blinking, eyelid flutter, and involuntary eye movements; flashing or stationary bright lights, multi-colored circular patterns, and other simple visual hallucinations; and partial blindness, impaired visual acuity, or other visual impairment.

A

Occipital lobe

80
Q

_______ seizures affect both hemispheres

A

Generalized onset

81
Q

2 types of Generalized onset seizures

A

1) generalized onset MOTOR seizures
2) generalized onset NON-MOTOR seizures

82
Q
A
83
Q

Generalized onset motor seizures are also known as ___(A)___ and ___(B)___ seizures.

A

(A) tonic-clonic seizures
(B) grand mal

84
Q

Generalized onset motor seizures cause a change in ___(A)___ and include a ___(B)___ and ___(C)___phase.

A

(A) consciousness
(B) tonic
(C) clonic

85
Q

The ______ phase of generalized onset motor seizures involve a stiffening of muscles in the face and limbs,

A

tonic

86
Q

The ___(B)___ phase of generalized onset motor seizures involves jerky rhythmic movements in the arms and legs.

A

clonic

87
Q

In generalized onset motor seizures, when consciousness is regained, the person may be ___(A)___, ___(B)___, or ___(C)___ and may have no memory for the events that occurred ___(D)___ the seizure.

A

(A) depressed
(B) confused
(C) fatigued
(D) during

88
Q

_______ are also known as absence seizures and petit mal seizures and involve a very brief loss of consciousness with a blank stare that may be accompanied by rapid blinking.

A

Generalized onset non-motor seizures

89
Q

_________ a single seizure that continues for a prolonged length of time (e.g., 5 minutes or more) or recurrent seizures that occur without a return to consciousness between them.

A

Status epilepticus (SE)

90
Q

2 main types of status epilepticus (SE)

A

1) generalized convulsive SE
2) Non convulsive SE

91
Q

Characteristics of generalized convulsive status epilepticus (SE)

A
  • loss of consciousness
  • tonic-clonic seizures
92
Q

Characteristics of non-convulsive status epilepticus (SE)

A
  • seizure activity that is apparent on an EEG
  • absence of prominent motor symptoms
  • altered consciousness
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • automatisms
  • aphasia
93
Q

Possible causes of status epilepticus (SE)?

A
  • head trauma
  • CNS infections
  • cerebrovascular accidents
  • drug toxicity
  • autoimmune disorders
  • non-compliance w/ seizure meds
94
Q

First-line treatment for status epilepticus (SE)? Second-line meds when first-line meds aren’t effective?

A

1) Benzos
2) anti-seizure meds

95
Q

2 types of migraine headaches?

A

1) with aura (classic migraine)
2) without aura (common migraine)

96
Q

Typical triggers of migraine headaches

A
  • emotional stress or relaxation after stress
  • abrupt weather changes
  • alcohol
  • certain foods
  • missing a meal
97
Q

Intensity associated with migraine headaches may be worsened by ___(A)___ or ___(B)___ or other routine physical activity.

A

(A) bending forward
(B) walking

98
Q

Migraine headaches have been linked to low levels of what neurotransmitter?

A

serotonin

99
Q

NSAIDs, ergot alkaloids, SSRIs, SSRI agonists, beta blockers, and/or a combination of thermal biofeedback and autogenic training are common treatments for _____?

A

migraine headaches

100
Q

2 types of hypertension

A

1) primary hypertension
2) secondary hypertension

101
Q

_______ hypertension, aka the “silent killer” and essential hypertension, is often asymptomatic, diagnosed when the physiological cause of the high blood pressure is unknown, and accounts for up to ___% of all cases.

A

Primary; 90%

102
Q

________ hypertension is diagnosed when high blood pressure is due to a known disease.

A

Secondary

103
Q

Factors that increase the risk for ________ hypertension include obesity, tobacco use, excessive salt intake, stress, male gender, older age, African American race, and a family history of hypertension.

A

primary

104
Q

Treatment for ________ emphasizes lifestyle changes and may also include a diuretic, beta blocker, ACE inhibitor, or other blood pressure medication and biofeedback or relaxation training

A

hypertension

105
Q

Disorders of the ________ are among the most common endocrine disorders.

A

thyroid gland

106
Q

Hyperthyroidism is caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones, and its symptoms include… ?

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased appetite & metabolism
  • elevated body temp & heat intolerance
  • weight loss
  • emotional lability
  • reduced attention span
107
Q

Hypothyroidism is caused by hyposecretion of hormones and and its symptoms include… ?

A
  • decreased heart rate
  • reduced appetite & metabolism
  • weight gain
  • lowered body temp & cold intolerance
  • depression
  • lethargy
  • decreased libido
  • confusion, impaired concentration & memory
108
Q

The pituitary gland is responsible for the release of several hormones including ______ and is responsible for the amount of _____ excreted in the urine.

A
  • antidiuretic hormon (ADH) aka vasopressin
  • water
109
Q

A low level of ADH due to a tumor, infection, stroke, pituitary surgery, or other factor can cause central what illness?

A

diabetes insipidus

110
Q

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A
  • frequent & excessive urination
  • extreme thirst
  • dehydration
  • constipation
  • weight loss
  • low blood pressure
111
Q

When diabetes insipidus is caused by a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH, it’s referred to as…?

A

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

112
Q
A
112
Q

The ______ maintains the body’s blood glucose balance through its control over the release of insulin and other hormones.

A

pancreas

113
Q

What happens when the pancreas releases too much insulin as the result of tumor?

A

blood glucose levels decrease and can cause hypoglycemia

114
Q

Symptoms of mild to severe hypoglycemia

A
  • nervousness
  • shaking, sweating, & dizziness
  • hunger
  • irritability& confusion or disorientation
  • weakness
  • sleepiness
  • pallor
  • blurred vision
  • tingling or numb lips & tongue
  • headaches
  • fast or irregular heartbeat
  • clumsiness
  • seizures and/or loss of consciousness
115
Q

__________ can also be caused by a high dose of insulin or other diabetic medication, skipping meals, exercising more than usual, excessive alcohol consumption, severe hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver, and adrenal and pituitary gland disorders.

A

Hypoglycemia

116
Q

What happens when the pancreas releases too little insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin the pancreas produces blood glucose levels increase and can cause what illness?

A

diabetes mellitus

117
Q

___(A)___ is an autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. There is evidence that a ___(B)___ predisposition is the primary risk factor for Type 1 diabetes and that the autoimmune response can be triggered by a ___(C)___ and other factors.

A

(A) Type 1 diabetes
(B) genetic predisposition
(V) viral infection

118
Q

______ is the more common type of diabetes and occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin produced by the pancreas.

A

Type 2 diabetes

119
Q

Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include… ?

A
  • generic predisposition
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • being over 45 years old
  • being Native American, African American, or Hispanic/Latino American
120
Q

Symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

A
  • extreme thirst and hunger
  • frequent urination
  • unexplained weight loss
  • fatigue
  • blurred vision
    tingling & numbness in hands or feet
  • frequent infections
121
Q

2 types of neurological diagnostic tests

A

1) Electroencephalography (EEG)
2) neuroimaging techniques

122
Q

______ measures the electrical impulses used by neurons to communicate with each other and uses small electrodes (sensors) that are placed on the scalp to assess the impulses of groups of neurons in the area of the cortex adjacent to each electrode.

A

EEG

123
Q

Typical uses of EEG

A
  • quickly identifying changes in brain activity in response to stimuli
  • diagnosis of seizure disorders, brain injuries, and sleep disorders
  • confirming brain death
124
Q

2 types of neuroimaging techniques

A

1) structural techniques
2) functional techniques

125
Q

List the 3 structural neuroimaging techniques

A
  • CT
  • MRI
  • DTI
126
Q

What are structural neuroimaging techniques used for?

A
  • TBIs
  • strokes
  • tumors
  • degenerative disease
  • infections
127
Q

What are CT and MRI primarily used for?

A

identify abnormalities in the density of brain tissue

128
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of CT

A

Advantages:
- scanners are usually available in hospital ERs
- lower cost
- quicker images
Disadvantages:
- exposure to ionizing radiation (x-rays)

129
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of MRI

A

Advantages:
- more detailed, 3-D images
- can detect microhemorrhages, contusions (bruises on brain), and. gliosis (scarring)
Disadvantages:
- requires ppl to remain motionless for a long period of time
- overly loud; requires use of earplugs or headphones

130
Q

___(A)___ is an MRI-based neuroimaging technique that is used to assess the structural integrity of ___(B)___ that connect different regions of the brain by identifying abnormalities in the rate and direction of the movement (diffusion) of water molecules along the axons.

A

(A) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
(B) white matter tracts (myelinated axons)

131
Q

DTI is used to study white matter abnormalities associated with what disorders?

A
  • TBI & concussion
  • schizophrenia
  • autism
  • epilepsy
  • MS
132
Q

Functional techniques provide information about brain activity by assessing what?

A

glucose & oxygen consumption

133
Q

Functional neuroimaging techniques assess oxygen consumption by measuring what?

A
  • regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
  • blood volume
134
Q

Functional neuroimaging techniques include what types of imaging?

A
  • positron emission tomography (PET)
  • single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
  • functional MRI (fMRI)
135
Q

______ and ______ both use radioactive tracers (radiotracers) that are injected into the bloodstream to measure brain activity

A

PET & SPECT

136
Q

_____ uses magnetic fields and radio waves.

A

fMRI

137
Q

Note that neuroimaging techniques are not sufficiently accurate to diagnose ________ disease.

A

neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s

138
Q

Of the structural techniques, ____ is usually preferred to _____ because it provides an accurate three-dimensional measure of the volume of brain structures,

A

MRI; CT

139
Q

Of the functional techniques, fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) assesses glucose metabolism and is useful for distinguishing between what diseases?

A

Alzheimer’s and fronotemporal & other types of neurocognitive disorders

Physiological Psychology (7 decks)

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