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Physiological Psychology > Brain Regions/Functions – Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Subcortical Forebrain Structures > Flashcards

Brain Regions/Functions – Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Subcortical Forebrain Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

allows you to remember how to ride a bicycle, swim, and play a musical instrument

A

cerebellum

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2
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

is responsible for attaching emotions to memories for surprising and shocking events.

A

amygdala

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3
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Research outcomes for patients with major depressive disorder - the extent of symptom following participation in CBT are positively correlated with increases in the volume of the…

A

anterior cingulate cortex

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4
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Severe damage - often fatal; plays role in the regulation of respiration and cardiovascular functioning

A

medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

maintains a constant body temperature

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

increasing levels causes oversensitivity to emotions in the faces of other people

A

oxytocin

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7
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Three months after a car accident that damaged his hippocampus, a 24-year-old man is most likely to be unable to recall events that happened:

a. in the distant past
b. in the recent past
c. during the accident
d. after the accident

A

d. after the accident

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8
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

symptoms of Tourette’s have been linked to abnormalities in this area of the brain

A

basal ganglia

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9
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

potential consequences of brainstem damage

A
  • respiratory problems
  • difficulty swallowing
  • slurred speech
  • problems with balance & coordination
  • nausea
  • sleep disturbances
  • confusion
  • loss of consciousness
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10
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

brain region that includes the cerebral cortex

A

forebrain

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11
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

medulla is responsible for these functions

A
  • involuntary mouth and throat movements
  • other functions essential for survival
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12
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

(recreational drug) can disrupt the functioning of the (hindbrain structure) and can result in death.

A

opioids; medulla

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13
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

connects two halves of the cerebellum & helps coordinates movement on both sides of the body

A

pons

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14
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

structures of the HINDBRAIN?

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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15
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

subcortical structure that relays messages between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex & plays a role in REM sleep

A

pons

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16
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

coordinates voluntary movements & is responsible for maintaining posture and balance

A

cerebellum

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17
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

ataxia?

A

lack of muscle control, impaired balance and coordination, slurred speech, jerky eye movements (nystagmus), & blurred or double vision

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18
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

type of memories associated with the cerebellum

A

procedural memories & implicit memories

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19
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

type of memories that operate on an unconscious, automatic level

A

implicit memories

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20
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

non-motor cognitive functions associated with the cerebellum

A
  • attention
  • linguistic processing
  • visuospatial abilities
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21
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

subcortical structures of the midbrain

A
  • reticular formation
  • substantia nigra
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22
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

midbrain connects these 2 ares of the brain

A

hindbrain & forebrain

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23
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

a network of neurons that extend from the medulla into the midbrain

A

reticular formation

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24
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

function(s) of the reticular formation

A
  • regulation of muscle tone
  • coordination of eye movements
  • control of pain
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25
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

function(s) of the reticular (ascending) activating system

A
  • consciousness and arousal
  • controls the sleep/wake cycle
  • alerts the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals
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26
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

lesions on the reticular activating system results in…

A

comatose state

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27
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the effect of direct stimulation or stimulation by sensory input on a sleeping person vs an awake person

A
  • awaken a sleeping person
  • awake person becomes more alert
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28
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the role of the substantia nigra

A
  • reward-seeking
  • drug addiction
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29
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the substantia nigra connects to this subcortical structure and plays a role in motor control

A

basal ganglia

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30
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

disease(s) associated to degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s

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31
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

subcortical structures of the forebrain

5

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
  • basal ganglia
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
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32
Q

a group of subcortical structures in the forebrain that are involved in processing and regulating emotion, memory, & learning

A

limbic system

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33
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the stubcortical structure that maintains the body’s homeostasis and regulates functions critical to survival by influencing the autonomic nervous systems & pituitary

A

hypothalamys

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34
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

these hormone-related functions are controlled by the hypothalamus

A
  • blood pressure, heart rate, & respiration
  • body temp
  • thirst & hunger
  • sleep-wake cycle
  • sex drive
  • stress response
  • growth
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35
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the pituitary gland receives this hormone (1) from the hypothalamus and releases this hormone (2) in response

A
  1. corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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36
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the ______?

A

hypothalamus

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37
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by this area of the brain in response to stress

A

anterior pituitary gland

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38
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) activates this area of the brain

A

adrenal cortex

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39
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the adrenal cortex releases this steroid/hormone

A

glucocorticoids

40
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced in the ______ pituitary gland.

A

anterior

41
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

glucocorticoid (steroid) hormone is also known as… (1) and plays a role in regulating these bodily functions (3)

A
  1. cortisol
  2. blood pressure, blood sugar, & immune system
42
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

diseases are associated with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Cushing disease/syndrome
  • Addison’s disease
43
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this hormone regulates water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water reabsorption in the kidneys

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

44
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the posterior pituitary releases this hormone

A

oxytocin

45
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this hormone stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and lactation after childbirth

A

oxytocin

46
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

vasopressin is another name for this hormone, which is produced by this subcortical structure of the brain

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • hypothalamus
47
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

vasopressin (aka ADH) is stored in this subcortical area of the brain

A

posterior pituitary gland

48
Q

Research indicates that 2 neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, are involved in a what ___(A)___ behaviors?

A

(A) social (behaviors)
- social bonding
- trust & cooperation
- social recognition
- sexual behaviors
- social memory
- aggression
- psychosocial stress

49
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the neuroendocrine system that regulates the body’s stress response and other sympathetic nervous system functions

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

50
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

elevated levels of this hormone inhibit the HPA axis and the sypmathetic nervous system’s stress response

A

oxytocin

51
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Oxytocin has beneficial effects for people with thse mental health issues

A
  • autism
  • schizophrenia
  • other disorders associated to deficits in recognizing emotions in facial expressions of other people
  • other aspects of social-emotional cognition
52
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Research with adults on the effects of this hormone on recognition of emotions in facial expressions has produced inconsistent results

A

oxytocin

53
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

The hypothalamus regulates the release of these hormones associated with growth

A

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
& somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)

54
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

The hypothalamus produces this hormone, which is critical for reproductive cycles

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

55
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) regulates these functions

A

testes and ovaries

56
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus synthesizes and releases these hormones, which are essential for reproduction

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)

57
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

research shows that electrical stimulation of or damage to different areas of the hypothalamus can elicit these emotions

A
  • aggression
  • rage
  • crying
  • laughter
58
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

these subcortical structures are located in hypothalamus and play a role in memory and emotion

A

mammillary bodies

59
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this **subcortical area **of the brain regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms

A

suprachiastmatic nucleus (SCN)

60
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

also known as the “relay station” of the brain

A

thalamus

61
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the thalamus plays an important role in these functions

A
  • coordinating sensory & motor functioning
  • language & speech
  • declarative memory
62
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the subcortical structure that receives and transmits sensory informtaion to the cortex

A

thalamus

63
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the thalamus plays a role in all senses except…

A

smell

64
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this disease is caused by a thiamine deficiency associated with Alcohol Use Disorder and is associated with impaired memory

A

Korsakoff syndrome

65
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Korsakoff syndrome is associated with damaged neurons in these subcortical structures of the brain

A

thalamus & mammillary bodies

66
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome

A
  • confabulation
  • anterograde & retrograde amnesia
67
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

term used to describe symptoms, including filling memory gaps, especially gaps in episodic memory, with false information that a person believes to be true

A

confabulation

68
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the basal ganglia includes these **subcortical structures **of the brain

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • nucleus accumbens
  • globus pallidus
69
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and cerebral cortext are collectively referred to as…

A

the striatum

70
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the globus pallidus transmits information to this subcortical structure of the brain

A

thalamus

71
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the basal ganglia plays a role in these functions

A
  • initiation & control of voluntary movements
  • procedural & habit learning
  • attention & decision making
  • emotions
72
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

damage to the basal ganglia is associated with these mental health disorders

A
  • mood disorders
  • schizophrenia
  • ADHD
  • OCD
  • Tourette’s
  • Huntington’s & Parkinson’s
73
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this subcortical structure connects the basal ganglia and the limbic system and coordinates their activities

A

nucleus accumbens

74
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this area of the brain consists of the amygdala, hippocampus, and the cingulate cortext and plays a role in emotion

A

limbic system

75
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the functions associated with the amygdala

A

emotion
* processing and regulating fear, anger, anxiety, joy, etc.
* recognizing fear and other emotions in facial expressions

* attaching emotions to memories

76
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the amygdala is important for the formation of these type of memories, which are vivid and enduring memories for surprising and shocking events

A

flashbulb

77
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this subcortical structure also plays a part in the pain matrix, modulation, and emotional responses to pain, especially anxiety & fear

A

amygdala

78
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

describe the pain matrix

A

the areas of the brain responsive to noxious stimuli

79
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

term used to describe amplification and reduction of the sensation of pain

A

pain modulation

80
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

these brain areas have been linked to risk taking

A
  • amygdala
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • insula
81
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this disorder is associated with research on rhesus monkeys

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrom

82
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

damage/bilateral lesioning of the amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal lobes has been associated to these disorders

A
  • Kluver-Bucy syndrom
  • anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder
  • PTSD
  • MDD
  • autism
  • SUDs
83
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

depression is associated with reduced volume of this brain area

A

anterior cingulate cortex

84
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

improvements in depressive symptoms following participation in CBT are associated with increases in the volume of this brain area

A

anterior cingulate cortex

85
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the functions associated with the cingulate cortex

A
  • motivation
  • memory
  • emotions, including emotional reactions to pain
86
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

people with damage to this area of the brain experience pain but are not emotionally distressed by it

A

cingulate cortex

87
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

major depressive disorder has been linked to abnormalities in these brain areas

A
  • cingulate cortex
  • prefrontal cortex
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • thalamus
  • insula
88
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the main function of the hippocampus

A

memory

89
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the hippocampus is responsible for transferring these types of memories

A

declarative & spatial

90
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the degeneration of cells in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (adjacent to hippocampus) is associated with this disease

A

Alzheimer’s

91
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Cushing’s syndrome is associated to increased levels of this hormone

A

cortisol

92
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Acute or chronic increases in cortisol levels in the hippocampus impairs the retrieval of this type of memories

A

declarative

93
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

hippocampal damage or abnormalities are associated with these mental health disorders

A
  • MDD
  • bipolar
  • schizophrenia
  • PTSD
94
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

extreme traumatic stress and more severe symptoms of PTSD have been associated with a (smaller or larger) hippocampus

A

smaller

95
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

some research suggest that exposure to traumatic stress can reduce the size of this subcortical structure, while others suggest reduced volume is a risk factor for developing PTSD after exposure to traumatic stress

A

hippocampus

Physiological Psychology (7 decks)

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