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Physiological Psychology > Brain Regions/Functions – Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Subcortical Forebrain Structures > Flashcards

Brain Regions/Functions – Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Subcortical Forebrain Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

allows you to remember how to ride a bicycle, swim, and play a musical instrument

A

cerebellum

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2
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

is responsible for attaching emotions to memories for surprising and shocking events.

A

amygdala

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3
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Research outcomes for patients with major depressive disorder have shown that the extent of symptoms following participation in CBT are positively correlated with increases in the volume of the…

A

anterior cingulate cortex

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4
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Severe damage - often fatal; plays role in the regulation of respiration and cardiovascular functioning

A

medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

maintains a constant body temperature

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

increasing levels of this hormone causes oversensitivity to emotions in the faces of other people

A

oxytocin

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7
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Three months after a car accident that damaged his hippocampus, a 24-year-old man is most likely to be unable to recall events that happened:

a. in the distant past
b. in the recent past
c. during the accident
d. after the accident

A

d. after the accident

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8
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

symptoms of Tourette’s have been linked to abnormalities in this area of the brain

A

basal ganglia

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9
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

The following issues are associated to damage in what area of the brain?
* respiratory problems
* difficulty swallowing
* slurred speech
* problems with balance & coordination
* nausea
* sleep disturbances
* confusion
* loss of consciousness

A

brainstem/medulla

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10
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

brain region that includes the cerebral cortex

A

forebrain

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11
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Involuntary mouth and throat movements & other functions essential for survival are associated with what area of the brain?

A

medulla oblongota

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12
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

(recreational drug) can disrupt the functioning of the (hindbrain structure) and can result in death.

A

opioids; medulla

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13
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

connects two halves of the cerebellum & helps coordinate movement on both sides of the body

A

pons

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14
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

structures of the HINDBRAIN?

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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15
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

subcortical structure that relays messages between the cerebral cortex, forebrain, and cerebellum & plays a role in REM sleep

A

pons

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16
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

coordinates voluntary movements & is responsible for maintaining posture and balance

A

cerebellum

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17
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Term for impaired balance and coordination, slurred speech, jerky eye movements (nystagmus), lack of muscle control, & blurred or double vision

A

ataxia

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18
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Procedural & implicit memories are associated with what area of the brain?

A

cerebellum

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19
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

type of memories that operate on an unconscious, automatic level

A

implicit memories

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20
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

These non-motor cognitive functions are associated with what area of the brain?

  • attention
  • linguistic processing
  • visuospatial abilities
A

cerebellum

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21
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

subcortical structures of the midbrain

A
  • reticular formation
  • substantia nigra
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22
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

midbrain connects these 2 ares of the brain

A

hindbrain & forebrain

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23
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

a network of neurons that extend from the medulla into the midbrain

A

reticular formation

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24
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

The following functions are associated with what area of the brain?

  • regulation of muscle tone
  • coordination of eye movements
  • control of pain
A

reticular formation

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25
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

The following functions are associated with what area of the brain?

  • consciousness and arousal
  • controls the sleep/wake cycle
  • alerts the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals
A

reticular (ascending) activating system

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26
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

lesions on the reticular activating system results in a…

A

comatose state

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27
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the effect of direct stimulation or stimulation by sensory input on a sleeping person vs an awake person

A
  • awaken a sleeping person
  • awake person becomes more alert
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28
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

reward-seeking & drug addiction are roles associated with what area of the brain?

A

substantia nigra

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29
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the substantia nigra connects to this subcortical structure and plays a role in motor control

A

basal ganglia

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30
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

disease(s) associated to degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s

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31
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

subcortical structures of the forebrain

5; The Hippo Ate His Butt

A
  • thalamus
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • hypothalamus
  • basal ganglia
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32
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

a group of subcortical structures in the forebrain that are involved in processing and regulating emotion, memory, & learning

A

limbic system

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33
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the stubcortical structure that maintains the body’s homeostasis and regulates functions critical to survival by influencing the autonomic nervous systems & pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the following hormone-related functions are controlled by what area of the brain?

  • blood pressure, heart rate, & respiration
  • body temp
  • thirst & hunger
  • sleep-wake cycle
  • sex drive
  • stress response
  • growth
A

hypothalamus

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35
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the pituitary gland receives this hormone (1) from the hypothalamus and releases this hormone (2) to regulate the body’s response to stress

A
  1. corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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36
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from what area of the brain?

A

hypothalamus

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37
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

in response to stress, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the ________ and triggers the release of cortisol

A

pituitary gland

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38
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) activates this area of the brain

A

adrenal cortex

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39
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

glucocorticoids are released by this area of the brain

A

adrenal cortex

40
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced in the ______ pituitary gland.

A

anterior

41
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

glucocorticoid (steroid) hormone is also known as ________ and plays a role in regulating blood pressure, blood sugar, & the immune system?

A
  • cortisol
42
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Cushing & Addison’s disease are associated with what hormone?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

43
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this hormone regulates water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water reabsorption in the kidneys

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin

44
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

oxytocin is released by the ____________ pituitary gland

A

posterior

45
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this hormone stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and lactation after childbirth

A

oxytocin

46
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the hypothalamus and is also known as?

A

vasopressin

47
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

vasopressin (aka ADH) is stored in this subcortical area of the brain

A

pituitary gland

48
Q

Research indicates the following behaviors are associated with what 2 neuropeptides (hormones)?

- social bonding
- trust & cooperation
- social recognition
- sexual behaviors
- social memory
- aggression
- psychosocial stress

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

49
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the neuroendocrine system that regulates the body’s stress response and other sympathetic nervous system functions

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

50
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

elevated levels of this hormone inhibit the HPA axis and the sypmathetic nervous systems’s stress response

A

oxytocin

51
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Oxytocin has beneficial effects for people with what mental health issues

A
  • disorders associated to deficits in recognizing emotions in facial expressions of other people
  • autism
  • schizophrenia
52
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Research with adults on the effects of this hormone on recognition of emotions in facial expressions has produced inconsistent results

A

oxytocin

53
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) & somatostatin are hormones associated with growth and are regulated by what area of the brain?

A

hypothalamus

54
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this hormone is critical for reproductive cycles and is produced by what area of the brain?

A
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • hypothalamus
55
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) regulates these functions

A

testes and ovaries

56
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus synthesizes and releases these hormones, which are essential for reproduction

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)

57
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

research shows that electrical stimulation of/damage to this brain area can elicit the following emotions:

  • aggression
  • rage
  • crying
  • laughter
A

hypothalamus

58
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this subcortical structure is located in the hypothalamus and plays a role in memory and emotion

A

mammillary bodies

59
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this subcortical area of the hypothalamus regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms

A

suprachiastmatic nucleus (SCN)

60
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

also known as the “relay station” of the brain

A

thalamus

61
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the following functions are associated with what area of the brain?

  • coordinating sensory functioning
  • language & speech
  • declarative memory
A

thalamus

62
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the subcortical structure that receives and transmits sensory informtaion to the cortex

A

thalamus

63
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the thalamus plays a role in all senses except…

A

smell

64
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this disease is caused by a thiamine deficiency associated with Alcohol Use Disorder and is associated with impaired memory

A

Korsakoff syndrome

65
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Korsakoff syndrome is associated with damaged neurons in these subcortical structures of the brain

A

thalamus & mammillary bodies

66
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

confabulation, anterograde amnesia & retrograde amnesia are symptoms of what disorder?

thiamine deficiency

A

Korsakoff syndrome

67
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

term used to describe symptoms, including filling memory gaps, especially gaps in episodic memory, with false information that a person believes to be true

A

confabulation

68
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the basal ganglia includes these subcortical structures of the brain

Nana Put the Cat in the Garbage

A
  • nucleus accumbens
  • putamen
  • caudate nucleus
  • globus pallidus
69
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and cerebral cortext are collectively referred to as…

A

the striatum

70
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the globus pallidus transmits information to this subcortical structure of the brain, which then relays information to other brain areas

A

thalamus

71
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the following functions are associated with what subcortical nuclei in the brain?

  • initiation & control of voluntary movements
  • procedural learning & habit formation
  • attention & decision making
  • emotions
A

basal ganglia

72
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

damage to the basal ganglia is associated with these mental health disorders

mental & physical disorders

A
  • OCD
  • Tourette’s
  • ADHD
  • schizophrenia
  • Huntington’s & Parkinson’s
73
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this subcortical structure connects the basal ganglia and the limbic system and coordinates their activities

A

nucleus accumbens

74
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this area of the brain consists of the amygdala, hippocampus, and the cingulate cortext and plays a role in emotion

A

limbic system

75
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the following functions are associated with what brain area?
emotion
* processing and regulating fear, anger, anxiety, joy, etc.
* recognizing fear and other emotions in facial expressions

attaching emotions to memories

A

amygdala

76
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the amygdala is important for the formation of these type of memories, which are vivid and enduring memories for surprising and shocking events

A

flashbulb

77
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this subcortical structure also plays a part in the pain matrix, modulation, and emotional responses to pain, especially anxiety & fear

A

amygdala

78
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the pain matrix describes brain areas that are responsive to what?

A

noxious stimuli

79
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

term used to describe amplification and reduction of the sensation of pain

A

pain modulation

80
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

these brain areas have been linked to risk taking

A
  • amygdala
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • insula
81
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this disorder is associated with research on rhesus monkeys

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrom

82
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

damage/bilateral lesioning of the amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal lobes has been associated to these disorders

mental & physical health disorders

A
  • Kluver-Bucy syndrome
  • anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder
  • PTSD
  • MDD
  • autism
  • SUDs
83
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

depression is associated with reduced volume of this brain area

A

anterior cingulate cortex

84
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

improvements in depressive symptoms following participation in CBT are associated with increases in the volume of this brain area

A

anterior cingulate cortex

85
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the following functions are associated with what area of the brain?

  • emotional and sensory aspects of pain
  • motivation
  • memory
A

cingulate cortex

86
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

people with damage to this area of the brain experience pain but are not emotionally distressed by it

A

cingulate cortex

87
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

What mental health disorder has been linked to abnormalities in the following brain areas:

  • anterior cingulate cortex
  • prefrontal cortex
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • thalamus
  • insula
A

major depressive disorder

88
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

memory is the main function of what area of the brain?

A

hippocampus

89
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the transfer of declarative & spatial memories is associated with what area of the brain?

A

hippocampus

90
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

the degeneration of cells in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (adjacent to hippocampus) is associated with this disease

A

Alzheimer’s

91
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Cushing’s syndrome is associated to increased levels of this hormone

A

cortisol

92
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

Acute or chronic increases in cortisol levels in the hippocampus impairs the retrieval of this type of memories

A

declarative

93
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

hippocampal damage or abnormalities are associated with these mental health disorders

A
  • PTSD
  • MDD
  • bipolar
  • schizophrenia
94
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

extreme traumatic stress and more severe symptoms of PTSD have been associated with a (smaller or larger) hippocampus

A

smaller

95
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

some research suggest that exposure to traumatic stress can reduce the size of this subcortical structure, while others suggest reduced volume is a risk factor for developing PTSD after exposure to traumatic stress

A

hippocampus

96
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

The hippocampus is part of the ____ but is involved more in ____ and ____ than in emotion.
Impaired short-term memory associated with what disease related to a loss of cells in the hippocampus.

A
  • limbic system
  • learning & memory
  • Alzheimer’s

Physiological Psychology (7 decks)

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