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Physiological Psychology > Memory and Sleep > Flashcards

Memory and Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Long-term potentiation has been linked to the:

A

formation of new memories

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2
Q

The primary difficulty experienced by the patient known as “H.M.” was related to…?

A

forming new long-term declarative memories

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3
Q

leep spindles and K complexes are markers of Stage ___ sleep.

A

2

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4
Q

Older (versus younger) adults often experience _______.

A

advanced sleep phase

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5
Q

Most dreams occur during ______ sleep and are typically more vivid.

A

REM

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6
Q

Deficits in source memory and item memory are most likely to be the result of lesions in the:

A

prefrontal cortex

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7
Q

What areas of the brain are most responsible for implicit memories?

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

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8
Q

What brain areas are known to be essential for memory?

A
  • hippocampus
  • basal ganglia & cerebellum
  • amygdala
  • prefrontal cortex
  • thalamus
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9
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

A

(H.M.)
- the consolidation of long-term declarative memories
- spatial memory

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10
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia & cerebellum in memory? Damage to these areas causes…?

A
  • procedural memories & implicit memories
  • damage has been linked to trouble learning new skills. & performing previously learned skills
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11
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in memory? Damage causes…?

A
  • attaching emotions to memories
  • damage has been linked to having the same level of recall for emotional and nonemotional experiences because emotions have not been attached to their memories
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12
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in memory? Damage causes…?

A

working memory, prospective memory, item memory, & source memory

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13
Q

What is item memory in association with the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • a type of episodic memory
  • memory for WHAT happened in the past
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14
Q

What is source memory in association with the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • a type of episodic memory
  • memory for WHEN and WHERE it happened
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15
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in memory? Damage causes…?

A
  • memory processing
  • damage has been linked to anterograde & retrograde amnesia
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16
Q

Sea slug research found that the short-term storage of information involved an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter ___(A)___, while long-term storage involved the development of ___(B)___ and changes in the structure of ___(C)___ neurons.

A

(A) serotonin
(B) new synapses
(C) existing

17
Q

Researchers also found that changes in synapses associated with the formation of long-term memories depends on the synthesis of ______, which is necessary for protein synthesis.

A

RNA

18
Q

What are the 2 theories of sleep? Explain each.

A

1) recovery/restoration theories - the purpose of sleep is to repair damage that occurs during wakefulness
2) adaptive/evolutionary - sleep is related to the need to adapt to environmental threats by, for example conserving energy

19
Q

What are the characteristics of each stage of sleep

A

1) NREM Stage 1 - transitional between wakefulness & sleep; alpha eaves
2) NREM Stage 2
3) NREM Stage 3
4) NREM Stage 4
5) REM

20
Q

What are the brain waves and their characteristics associated with NREM Stage 1?

A
  • alpha waves replaced by theta waves
  • awake and relaxed or drowsy
21
Q

What are the brain waves and their characteristics associated with NREM Stage 2?

A
  • theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles (fast waves) & K-complexes (large slow waves)
  • light sleep state
22
Q

What are the brain waves and their characteristics associated with NREM Stage 3?

A
  • delta waves replace theta waves
  • transitioning from moderate to deep sleep
23
Q

What are the brain waves and their characteristics associated with NREM Stage 4?

A
  • delta waves
  • deep sleep state & difficult to awaken
24
Q

What are the brain waves and their characteristics associated with REM sleep?

A
  • beta waves (awake and alert state) & theta waves
  • paradoxical sleep - active brain & physiological arousal
  • body’s major muscle groups are nearly paralyzed
  • very difficult to arouse person
  • vivid, bizarre, & detailed dreams
25
Q

After the first episodes of NREM and REM sleep, how do sleep stages progress throughout the night?

A

a person cycles through the sleep stages again, and this continues throughout the night

26
Q

In terms of sleep stages, as the night progresses, the duration of REM sleep ___(A)___ and the durations of Stages 3 and 4 sleep ___(B)____.

A

(A) increases
(B) decrease

27
Q

Newborn infants sleep ___(A)___ than older children and adults do, spend more time in active ___(B)___ sleep, and begin the sleep period with active sleep that is followed by ___(C)___ sleep. This sequence reverses at about ___(D)___ months of age, and the four stages of non-REM sleep are evident by about ___(E)___ months.

A

(A) longer
(B) REM
(C) non-REM/quiet
(D) 3
(E) 6

28
Q

Total sleep time per day in infancy? In adulthood?

A
  • 14 to 16 hours per day
  • about 8 hours
29
Q

What are characteristics of sleep for older adults?

A
  • more trouble falling asleep
  • less time in deep sleep, especially Stage 4 sleep
  • more evenly distributed REM sleep throughout the night
  • wake up more often during the night
  • experience an advanced sleep phase
30
Q

What is Advanced Sleep Phase (aka circadian phase advance)?

A

going to sleep earlier in the evening and waking up earlier

Physiological Psychology (7 decks)

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