Memory and Sleep

Question 1

Memory & Sleep

long-term potentiation has been linked to…

Answer 1

formation of new memories

Question 2

Memory & Sleep

the primary difficulty experienced by the patient known as “H.M.” was related to forming what type of memories

Answer 2

new long-term declarative memories

Question 3

Memory & Sleep

sleep spindles and K complexes are markers of what stage of sleep

Answer 3

Stage 2

Question 4

Memory & Sleep

older (versus younger) adults often experience this type of sleep disturbance

Answer 4

advanced sleep phase

Question 5

Memory & Sleep

most dreams occur during what type/stage of sleep when they are typically more vivid

Answer 5

REM

Question 6

Memory & Sleep

deficits in source memory and item memory are most likely to be the result of lesions in this area of the brain

Answer 6

prefrontal cortex

Question 7

Memory & Sleep

these 2 areas of the brain are most responsible for implicit memories

Answer 7

basal ganglia & cerebellum

Question 8

Memory & Sleep

list the brain areas that are known to be essential for memory

Answer 8

• hippocampus
• basal ganglia & cerebellum
• amygdala
• prefrontal cortex
• thalamus

Question 9

Memory & Sleep

the role of the hippocampus in memory

H.M.

Answer 9

consolidation of long-term declarative & spatial memories

Question 10

Memory & Sleep

list the 2 types of memories associated with the basal ganglia & cerebellum and explain how damage to these areas affects functioning

Answer 10

memories
* procedural & implicit

damage
* trouble learning new skills
* trouble performing previously learned skills

Question 11

Memory & Sleep

the role of the amygdala in memory and how damage to this area affects functioning

Answer 11

attaching emotions to memories

damage
* having the same level of recall for emotional and nonemotional experiences (because emotions have not been attached to their memories)

Question 12

Memory & Sleep

the types of memories associated with the prefrontal cortex

Answer 12

• working memory
• prospective memory
• item memory
• source memory

Question 13

Memory & Sleep

characteristics of **item memory **

Answer 13

a type of episodic memory
(memory for WHAT happened in the past)

Question 14

Memory & Sleep

characteristics of source memory

Answer 14

a type of episodic memory
(memory for WHEN and WHERE it happened)

Question 15

Memory & Sleep

the role of the thalamus in memory and how damage to this area affects functioning

Answer 15

memory processing

damage
* anterograde amnesia
* retrograde amnesia

Question 16

Memory & Sleep

Sea slug research found that the short-term storage of information involved an increase in the release of this neurotransmitter, while long-term storage involved the development of new synapses and changes in the structure of existing neurons.

Answer 16

serotonin

Question 17

Memory & Sleep

Researchers have found that changes in synapses associated with the formation of long-term memories depends on the synthesis of this type of protein that is necessary for protein synthesis.

Answer 17

RNA

Question 18

Memory & Sleep

list & explain the 2 theories of sleep

Answer 18

1) recovery/restoration theories: the purpose of sleep is to repair damage that occurs during wakefulness
2) adaptive/evolutionary: sleep is related to the need to adapt ton environmental threats by, for example conserving energy

Question 19

Memory & Sleep

list each of the 5 stage of sleep & the associated brainwaves

Bats Drink Blood

Answer 19

NREM Stage 1: beta, alpha, & theta waves
NREM Stage 2: sleep spindles & K-complexes
NREM Stage 3: delta waves
NREM Stage 4: delta waves
REM: beta waves

Question 20

Memory & Sleep

list the characteristics of each of the 5 stages of sleep

Answer 20

NREM Stage 1: awake and relaxed or drowsy
NREM Stage 2: light sleep
NREM Stage 3: deep sleep; difficult to awaken
NREM Stage 4: deep sleep; difficult to awaken
REM: paradoxical sleep (e.g., active brain & physiological arousal while the body’s major muscle groups are nearly paralyzed; difficult to arouse; dreams are more vivid, bizarre, & detailed

Question 21

after the first episodes of NREM and REM sleep, how do sleep stages progress throughout the night?

Answer 21

a person cycles through the sleep stages again, and this continues throughout the night

Question 22

Memory & Sleep

In terms of sleep stages, as the night progresses, the duration of REM sleep (increases/decreases/stays the same) and the durations of Stages 3 and 4 sleep (increases/decreases/stays the same)

Answer 22

increases; decreases

Question 23

Memory & Sleep

describe sleep patterns of newborn infants

Answer 23

• sleep longer than older children & adults
• spend more time in active REM sleep
• begin the sleep period with active/REM sleep that is followed by non-REM/quiet sleep
• 3 months: this sequences reverses
• 6 months: the 4 stages of non-REM sleep are evident

Question 24

Memory & Sleep

list the total sleep time per day in infancy vs. adulthood

Answer 24

14 to 16 hours per day VS. ~8 hours

Question 25

Memory & Sleep

characteristics of sleep for older adults

Answer 25

• more trouble falling asleep
• less time in deep sleep, especially Stage 4 sleep
• more evenly distributed REM sleep throughout the night
• wake up more often during the night
• experience an advanced sleep phase

Question 26

Memory & Sleep

describe Advanced Sleep Phase (aka circadian phase advance)?

Answer 26

• going to sleep earlier in the evening
• waking up earlier in the morning