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Physiological Psychology > Brain Regions/Functions – Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Brain Regions/Functions – Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

this is the outer layer of the brain and is divided into the right and left hemispheres with each hemisphere containing four lobes – frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

A

cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Cerebral Cortex

these subcortical structures make-up the frontal lobe

A
  • Broca’s area
  • prefrontal cortex
  • primary motor cortex
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3
Q

Cerebral Cortex

this subcortical structure is located in the dominant (usually left) frontal lobe and is known as a major language area of the brain

A

Broca’s Area

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4
Q

Cerebral Cortex

damage to Broca’s area can result in this type of aphasia

A

expressive or non-fluent aphasia

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5
Q

Cerebral Cortex

symptoms of Broca’s aphasia

A
  • slow labored speech consisting primarily of 1-2 words typically nouns and verbs
  • impaired repetition
  • anomia (inability to recall the names of familiar objects)

*comprehension of written & spoken language is relatively intact

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6
Q

Cerebral Cortex

difference between Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • Broca’s aphasia: intact comprehension, impaired speech
  • Wernicke’s aphasia: intact speech, but does not make sense because of impaired comprehension (“word salad”)
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7
Q

Cerebral Cortex

the bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

arcuate fasciculus

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8
Q

Cerebral Cortex

a rare type of aphasia resulting from damage to the arcuate fasciculus and affects both expression and comprehension

A

conduction aphasia

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9
Q

Cerebral Cortex

the following are essential roles of what area of the brain?

  • executive functions
  • higher-order cognitive processes
    - planning
    - decision-making
  • memory (working & prospective)
  • regulation of emotions
  • expression of personality
  • social judgment
  • self-monitoring
A

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

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10
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

an aspect of short-term memory involved in processing & manipulating information

A

working memory

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11
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this type of memories is associated with the ability to remember to carry out a planned action in the future

A

prospective memory

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12
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

the 4 major areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

A
  • dorsolateral PFC
  • ventrolateral PFC
  • ventromedial PFC
  • orbitofrontal PFC
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13
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

function associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

A

executive functions

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14
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

match the description with the correct brain area:

A) damage to this area of the brain primarily effects cognitive functioning, goal-directed behavior, concrete thinking, working memory, & judgment and can cause perseveration, disinterest, & apathy

B) damage to this area of the brain is associated with impaired emotion regulation, impulse control, & socioemotional behavior/control

C) damage to this area of the brain causes impaired facial emotion recognition, inappropriate emotional responses, poor social & moral judgment, lack of insight, & confabulation

D) damage to this area of the brain causes impulsive behavior, poor decision making, aggression, abusive behaviors, social inappropriateness, immature behavior, inappropriate disclosure of information, emotion dysregualtion, & lack of empathy

A

A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DPFC)
B) ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
C) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
D) orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

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15
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders

A
  • MDD
  • GAD
  • OCD
  • Schizophrenia
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16
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this area of the brain is associated with emotion regulation, decision-making, motor inhibition, memory, & goal-directed behavior

A

ventrolateral PFC

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17
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

abnormalities in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders

A
  • social anxiety
  • generalized anxiety
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18
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

this area of the brain is associated with social judgment, moral reasoning, emotion regulation, memory, & decision-making

A

ventromedial PFC

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19
Q

abnormalities in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders

A
  • MDD
  • OCD
  • GAD
  • PTSD
  • schizophrenia
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20
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

this area of the brain is associated with response inhibition, reward processing, impulse control, social behaviors, & emotion regulation

A

orbitofrontal PFC

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21
Q

Brain Regions & Functions

abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders

A
  • MDD
  • bipolar
  • OCD
  • PTSD
  • schizophrenia
  • SUDs
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22
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

The temporal lobe contains what areas of the brain?

A
  • auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
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23
Q

The ____ is involved in processing sound

A

auditory cortex

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24
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

damage to this area of the brain can produce the following:

  • auditory agnosia
  • auditory hallucinations
  • cortical deafness
A

auditory cortex

25
Q

What is Wernicke’s area and where is it located?

A

major language area in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere.

26
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

What is Wernicke’s aphasia also known as?

A

receptive and/or fluent aphasia

27
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

What issues are associated with Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • fluent speech with a normal rate and intonation
  • content lacks coherence and meaning (“word salad”)
  • impaired comprehension of written and spoken language
  • impaired repetition
  • impaired word access (anomia)
28
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

term used to described damage to the arcuate fasciculus?

A

conduction aphasia

29
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

this term refers to difficulty repeating words (many errors) but speech & comprehension are intact

impaired word access (anomia)

arcuate fasciculus

A

conduction aphasia

30
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

parietal lobe contains what areas of the brain

A

the somatosensory cortex

31
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

The following are the main functions of the what area of the cerebral cortex?

  • touch
  • pressure
  • temperature
  • pain
  • body position
A

somatosensory cortex

32
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

this is associaated with damage to the somatosensory cortex

A

somatosensory agnosias

33
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

term used to refer to the inability to recognize objects by touch

A

tactile agnosia

34
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

term used to described a lack of interest or recognition of one or more parts of one’s own body

A

asomatognosia

35
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

term used to described denial of one’s illness

A

anosognosia

36
Q

damage to the somatosensory cortex can produce one or more types of ____ or the inability to perform purposeful, skilled movements that is not due to motor, sensory, or language impairment.

A

apraxia

37
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

list 3 types of apraxia

A
  • limb-kinetic
  • ideational
  • ideomotor
38
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

a type of apraxia involves an inability to make precise, coordinated movements using a finger, arm, or leg

A

limb-kinetic

39
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

this type of apraxia involves an inability to imitate a motor activity or perform motor activity in response to a verbal request

A

ideomotor

40
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

a type of apraxia involves an inability to plan or execute a task that requires a sequence of actions

A

ideational

41
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

this syndrome is associated to damage to the somatosensory cortex

A

Gerstmann Syndrome

42
Q

Cerebral Cortex

term used to describe inability to pay attention to one side of visual field or body typically caused by damage to right (non-dominant) parietal lobe

A

contralateral neglect

43
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

illness caused by damage to the left (dominant) parietal lobe and involves the following symptoms:
* right-left disorientation
* inability to identify one’s own fingers (finger agnosia)
* a loss of writing skills (agraphia)
* a loss of arithmetic skills (acalculia).

A

Gerstmann syndrome

44
Q

Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex

the occiptal lobe contains what area of the brain

A

visual cortex

45
Q

Cerebral Cortex

damage to this area of the brain is associated with the following:

  • visual agnosia
  • visual hallucinations
  • achromatopsia
  • cortical blindness
A

visual cortex

46
Q

Cerebral Cortex

this disorder occurs when the primary visual cortex is damaged while the eyes and optic nerves are intact

A

color blindness

47
Q

Cerebral Cortex

damage to the visual cortex in the left hemisphere causes what and on which side of the body

A

blindness; right side

48
Q

Cerebral Cortex

term to describe not consciously seeing a visual stimulus but having an appropriate physiological & behavioral response

A

cortical blindness

49
Q

Cerebral Cortex

a type of blindsight that involves responding appropriately to a visual emotional stimulus without consciously seeing the stimulus

emotional reflex

A

affective

50
Q

Cerebral Cortex

term used to describe the inability to recognize faces, including one’s own face and/or faces of pets typically caused by bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction

A

prosopagnosia

51
Q

Cerebral Cortex

____% of right-handed people and ____% of left-handed people have a dominant left hemisphere

A

95%; 50 to 70%

52
Q

Cerebral Cortex

a dominant left hemisphere is associated with these functions

A
  • written and spoken language
  • logical and analytical thinking
  • positive emotions
53
Q

Cerebral Cortex

a non-dominant right hemisphere is associated with these functions

A
  • visual-spatial processing
  • creativity
  • emotional nuances of language
  • holistic thinking
54
Q

Cerebral Cortex

The (left/right) hemisphere is associated with general language functions, but the (left/right) hemisphere is essential for emotional prosody & pragmatics

A

left; right

55
Q

Cerebral Cortex

research suggests that the (right/left) hemisphere is involved in** identifying the basic sounds of language** (phonemes) by infants learning their native language and adults learning a second language

A

right

56
Q

Cerebral Cortex

odors that enter the left nostril are transmitted directly to the (right/left) hemisphere

A

left

57
Q

Cerebral Cortex

this area of the brain is the main bundle of nerve fibers that allows the two hemispheres to share information with each other

A

corpus callosum

58
Q

Cerebral Cortex

a commonly used method used in research on brain lateralization and involves presenting two different words simultaneously with one word being presented to the right ear and the other wordto the left ear

A

dichotic listening task

59
Q

Cerebral Cortex

speech lateralization research using a dichotic listening task has confirmed that language is lateralized to which hemisphere for most right-handed people?

A

left

Physiological Psychology (7 decks)

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