Brain Regions/Functions – Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
this is the outer layer of the brain and is divided into the right and left hemispheres with each hemisphere containing four lobes – frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital
cerebral cortex
Cerebral Cortex
these subcortical structures make-up the frontal lobe
- Broca’s area
- prefrontal cortex
- primary motor cortex
Cerebral Cortex
this subcortical structure is located in the dominant (usually left) frontal lobe and is known as a major language area of the brain
Broca’s Area
Cerebral Cortex
damage to Broca’s area can result in this type of aphasia
expressive or non-fluent aphasia
Cerebral Cortex
symptoms of Broca’s aphasia
- slow labored speech consisting primarily of 1-2 words typically nouns and verbs
- impaired repetition
- anomia (inability to recall the names of familiar objects)
*comprehension of written & spoken language is relatively intact
Cerebral Cortex
difference between Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s aphasia?
- Broca’s aphasia: intact comprehension, impaired speech
- Wernicke’s aphasia: intact speech, but does not make sense because of impaired comprehension (“word salad”)
Cerebral Cortex
the bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
arcuate fasciculus
Cerebral Cortex
a rare type of aphasia resulting from damage to the arcuate fasciculus and affects both expression and comprehension
conduction aphasia
Cerebral Cortex
the following are essential roles of what area of the brain?
- executive functions
- higher-order cognitive processes
- planning
- decision-making - memory (working & prospective)
- regulation of emotions
- expression of personality
- social judgment
- self-monitoring
prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Brain Regions & Functions
an aspect of short-term memory involved in processing & manipulating information
working memory
Brain Regions & Functions
this type of memories is associated with the ability to remember to carry out a planned action in the future
prospective memory
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
the 4 major areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)
- dorsolateral PFC
- ventrolateral PFC
- ventromedial PFC
- orbitofrontal PFC
Brain Regions & Functions
function associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
executive functions
Brain Regions & Functions
match the description with the correct brain area:
A) damage to this area of the brain primarily effects cognitive functioning, goal-directed behavior, concrete thinking, working memory, & judgment and can cause perseveration, disinterest, & apathy
B) damage to this area of the brain is associated with impaired emotion regulation, impulse control, & socioemotional behavior/control
C) damage to this area of the brain causes impaired facial emotion recognition, inappropriate emotional responses, poor social & moral judgment, lack of insight, & confabulation
D) damage to this area of the brain causes impulsive behavior, poor decision making, aggression, abusive behaviors, social inappropriateness, immature behavior, inappropriate disclosure of information, emotion dysregualtion, & lack of empathy
A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DPFC)
B) ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
C) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
D) orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
Brain Regions & Functions
abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders
- MDD
- GAD
- OCD
- Schizophrenia
Brain Regions & Functions
this area of the brain is associated with emotion regulation, decision-making, motor inhibition, memory, & goal-directed behavior
ventrolateral PFC
Brain Regions & Functions
abnormalities in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders
- social anxiety
- generalized anxiety
Brain Regions & Functions
this area of the brain is associated with social judgment, moral reasoning, emotion regulation, memory, & decision-making
ventromedial PFC
abnormalities in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders
- MDD
- OCD
- GAD
- PTSD
- schizophrenia
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
this area of the brain is associated with response inhibition, reward processing, impulse control, social behaviors, & emotion regulation
orbitofrontal PFC
Brain Regions & Functions
abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are known to contribute to these mental health disorders
- MDD
- bipolar
- OCD
- PTSD
- schizophrenia
- SUDs
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
The temporal lobe contains what areas of the brain?
- auditory cortex
- Wernicke’s area
The ____ is involved in processing sound
auditory cortex
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
damage to this area of the brain can produce the following:
- auditory agnosia
- auditory hallucinations
- cortical deafness
auditory cortex
What is Wernicke’s area and where is it located?
major language area in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere.
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
What is Wernicke’s aphasia also known as?
receptive and/or fluent aphasia
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
What issues are associated with Wernicke’s aphasia?
- fluent speech with a normal rate and intonation
- content lacks coherence and meaning (“word salad”)
- impaired comprehension of written and spoken language
- impaired repetition
- impaired word access (anomia)
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
term used to described damage to the arcuate fasciculus?
conduction aphasia
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
this term refers to difficulty repeating words (many errors) but speech & comprehension are intact
impaired word access (anomia)
arcuate fasciculus
conduction aphasia
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
parietal lobe contains what areas of the brain
the somatosensory cortex
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
The following are the main functions of the what area of the cerebral cortex?
- touch
- pressure
- temperature
- pain
- body position
somatosensory cortex
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
this is associaated with damage to the somatosensory cortex
somatosensory agnosias
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
term used to refer to the inability to recognize objects by touch
tactile agnosia
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
term used to described a lack of interest or recognition of one or more parts of one’s own body
asomatognosia
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
term used to described denial of one’s illness
anosognosia
damage to the somatosensory cortex can produce one or more types of ____ or the inability to perform purposeful, skilled movements that is not due to motor, sensory, or language impairment.
apraxia
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
list 3 types of apraxia
- limb-kinetic
- ideational
- ideomotor
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
a type of apraxia involves an inability to make precise, coordinated movements using a finger, arm, or leg
limb-kinetic
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
this type of apraxia involves an inability to imitate a motor activity or perform motor activity in response to a verbal request
ideomotor
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
a type of apraxia involves an inability to plan or execute a task that requires a sequence of actions
ideational
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
this syndrome is associated to damage to the somatosensory cortex
Gerstmann Syndrome
Cerebral Cortex
term used to describe inability to pay attention to one side of visual field or body typically caused by damage to right (non-dominant) parietal lobe
contralateral neglect
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
illness caused by damage to the left (dominant) parietal lobe and involves the following symptoms:
* right-left disorientation
* inability to identify one’s own fingers (finger agnosia)
* a loss of writing skills (agraphia)
* a loss of arithmetic skills (acalculia).
Gerstmann syndrome
Brain Regions & Functions - Cerebral Cortex
the occiptal lobe contains what area of the brain
visual cortex
Cerebral Cortex
damage to this area of the brain is associated with the following:
- visual agnosia
- visual hallucinations
- achromatopsia
- cortical blindness
visual cortex
Cerebral Cortex
this disorder occurs when the primary visual cortex is damaged while the eyes and optic nerves are intact
color blindness
Cerebral Cortex
damage to the visual cortex in the left hemisphere causes what and on which side of the body
blindness; right side
Cerebral Cortex
term to describe not consciously seeing a visual stimulus but having an appropriate physiological & behavioral response
cortical blindness
Cerebral Cortex
a type of blindsight that involves responding appropriately to a visual emotional stimulus without consciously seeing the stimulus
emotional reflex
affective
Cerebral Cortex
term used to describe the inability to recognize faces, including one’s own face and/or faces of pets typically caused by bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction
prosopagnosia
Cerebral Cortex
____% of right-handed people and ____% of left-handed people have a dominant left hemisphere
95%; 50 to 70%
Cerebral Cortex
a dominant left hemisphere is associated with these functions
- written and spoken language
- logical and analytical thinking
- positive emotions
Cerebral Cortex
a non-dominant right hemisphere is associated with these functions
- visual-spatial processing
- creativity
- emotional nuances of language
- holistic thinking
Cerebral Cortex
The (left/right) hemisphere is associated with general language functions, but the (left/right) hemisphere is essential for emotional prosody & pragmatics
left; right
Cerebral Cortex
research suggests that the (right/left) hemisphere is involved in** identifying the basic sounds of language** (phonemes) by infants learning their native language and adults learning a second language
right
Cerebral Cortex
odors that enter the left nostril are transmitted directly to the (right/left) hemisphere
left
Cerebral Cortex
this area of the brain is the main bundle of nerve fibers that allows the two hemispheres to share information with each other
corpus callosum
Cerebral Cortex
a commonly used method used in research on brain lateralization and involves presenting two different words simultaneously with one word being presented to the right ear and the other wordto the left ear
dichotic listening task
Cerebral Cortex
speech lateralization research using a dichotic listening task has confirmed that language is lateralized to which hemisphere for most right-handed people?
left
