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NURS1213 > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the neurological system?

A
  • Perform all physiological function
  • Activities of daily living
  • Function in society
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2
Q

What is the purpose of a mental status examination?

A

Assess emotional and cognitive functioning, a structured way of observing and describing a persons’ current state of mind, under the domains of appearance, behaviour, cognition, and thought processes.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the GCS?

A

GCS: glasgow coma scale

  • to describe the level of consciousness in a person following a traumatic brain injury.
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4
Q

Purpose of cranial nerve examination

A

Crucial for diagnosing specific lesions in the nervous systems that control speech, smell, movement, sight, touch, etc. Provides information of transmission of motor and sensory messaging.

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5
Q

Purpose of motor & cerebellar examination

A

To inspect size and symmetry of muscles and test for muscles strength and observe for any fasculations, tics, or tremors (involuntary movements)

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6
Q

Purpose of sensory system examination

A

To test the intactness of the peripheral nerve fibres, sensory tracts, and higher cortical discrimination. Also ask the patient to identify various sensory stimuli

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7
Q

Define transient ischemic stroke (TIA)

A

mini stroke caused by a temporary disruption in blood supply to the brain

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8
Q

What is it called when blood flow to brain has stopped due to blockage or rupture

A

Stroke (aka cerebrovascular accident -CVA)

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9
Q

Define epilepsy

A

brain activity is abnormal, causing seizures, usual behavior or sensation

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10
Q

What is MS

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS): condition that affects the brain and spinal cord, causing problems with vision, movement, balance, or sensation

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11
Q

What is polio

A

(aka poliomyelitis): life-threatening disease that can spread from person to person and infect a person’s spinal card, causing paralysis

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12
Q

What is inflammation of the meninges called?

A

meningitis

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13
Q

What is inflammation of brain tissue, causing it to swell?

A

Encephalitis

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14
Q

What aspects does the mental status assessment include?

A
  • Level of Consciousness
  • Orientation
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Language
  • Mood and affect
  • Abstract reasoning
  • Thought process
  • Judgments
  • Perceptions (visual)
  • Learning
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15
Q

What is the structure of a mental status exam?

A

A- appearance

B: Behaviour

C: cognition

T: Thought process and perceptions

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16
Q

What does the mental mini exam assess?

A

cognitive functioning only

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17
Q

What are the categories of a GCS?

A
  • eye opening
  • motor response
  • verbal response
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18
Q

How does the GCS work?

A
  • highest possible score is 15
  • higher score = better
  • 7 should be concerning
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19
Q

What is cranial nerve i?

and function

A

olfactory nerve

  • smell (sensory)
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20
Q

What is cranial nerve ii? and function

A

optic nerve

  • vision field and acuity (sensory)
21
Q

What is cranial nerve iii? and function?

A

oculomotor nerve

  • eye muscle & pupil response
22
Q

What is cranial nerve iv? and function

A

trochlear nerve

  • downward, outward, inward eye movements
23
Q

What is cranial nerve v? and function

A

trigeminal nerve

  • biting, chewing, sensation of face, corneal reflex (sensory and motor)
24
Q

What is cranial nerve vi? and function

A

abducens nerve

  • eye movement
25
Q

what is cranial nerve vii? and function

A

facial nerve

  • facial expression, taste
26
Q

what is cranial nerve viii? and function

A
  • vestibulocochlear/acoustic nerve

- hearing and equilibrium

27
Q

What is cranial nerve ix? and function

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve

- movement in back of throat

28
Q

what is cranial nerve x? and function?

A
  • vagus nerve

- muscles in throat, taste

29
Q

what is cranial nerve xi? and function

A

accessory nerve

  • trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles (shoulder and neck area)
30
Q

What is cranial nerve xii? and function?

A

hypoglossal nerve

  • tongue movement, speech
31
Q

Describe gait assessment

A

Observe patient to walk 3-6 meters, turns and returns to starting point

32
Q

Describe tandem walking assessment

A

Ask patient to walk in straight line in heel-to-toe manner (tandem walking).

  • Why: decreases the base of support and accentuates any problem with coordination
33
Q

Describe Romberg test

A

Ask patient to stand up with feet together and arms at the sides. Once stable position, ask patient to close eyes and hold position. Wait 20 seconds

34
Q

describe stereognosis

A

Tests ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, sizes, and weights with eyes closed. Test with both hands.

35
Q

describe graphesthesia

A

Ability to “read” a number by having it traced on the skin

-Good measure of sensory loss (especially if patient cannot make hand movements for stereognosis)

36
Q

describe topognosis

A

recognition of location of a stimulus on skin

37
Q

What is clonus

A

set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle

38
Q

What is the purpose of assessing stretch reflexes?

A
  • Reveals intactness of reflex arc at specific spinal levels, as well as normal override on reflex of higher cortical levels
39
Q

Which reflexes do we assess?

A
  • biceps
  • brachioradialis
  • triceps
  • patellar
  • achilles
40
Q

What spinal level does biceps reflex reflect?

A

C5/6

41
Q

What spinal level does brachioradialis reflex reflect?

A

C5/6

42
Q

What spinal level does triceps reflex reflect?

A

C6/7/8

43
Q

What spinal level does patellar reflex reflect?

A

L2/3/4

44
Q

What spinal level does the achilles reflex reflect?

A

S1/2

45
Q

What is the type of aphasia where patient understands written and verbal speech but cannot write or speak appropriately when communicating?

A

Expressive Aphasia (aka Broca’s)

46
Q

What is Receptive Aphasia?

A
  • aka Wernicke’s

- person cannot understand written or verbal speech

47
Q

What are the signs of a stroke? (FAST)

A

F- face: drooping?
A: Arms: can you raise both?
S: Speech: slurred/jumbled?
T: Time to call 911

48
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for a stroke?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Diabetes
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Carotid artery stenosis
  • Sickle cell disease
49
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for a stroke?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • previous TIAs

NURS1213 (11 decks)

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