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Patho > Neurological 1 > Flashcards

Neurological 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain

contain L/R hemispheres and 4 lobes

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2
Q

cerebrum “f”

A 
motor/sensory "f"
language
memory
visual/spatial relationships
higher order process
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3
Q

what does cerebrum contain

A

hypothalamus
thalamus
basal ganglia
limbic system

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4
Q

hypothalamus “f”

A

endocrine, autonomic “f”

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5
Q

thalamus “f”

A

relays sensory/motor inputs for cortex

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6
Q

basal ganglia “f”

A

voluntary, autonomic mvmt

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7
Q

limbic system “f”

A

emotional behavior, basic drives

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8
Q

brainstem “f”

A

relays sensory info, control vasomotor and respiratory activity, arousal

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9
Q

what does brainstem contain

A

midbrain, pons, medulla, reticular formation, reticular activating system

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates all our voluntary mvmts/activites, balance

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11
Q

skull

A

bony structure, outermost area, protects brain from external trauma

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12
Q

meninges

A

protective membranes that cover brain/spinal cord

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13
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater

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14
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer, tough, strong sheath of con. tis.

offers most protection

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15
Q

epidural space

A

space b/w dura and skull

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16
Q

subdural space

A

space b/w dura and arachnoid membrane

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17
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

spongy, spiderweb like membrane

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18
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space b/w arachnoid and pia mater

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19
Q

pia mater

A

thin inner layer
covers contours of brain
provides support for bld vessels.

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20
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid
circulates thru 4 ventricles and subarachnoid space
reabsorbed into venous circulation thru arachnoid villi which protrudes from venous sinuses into arachnoid space

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21
Q

CSF “f”

A

provides cushioning
dec force of impact
carries nutrients

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22
Q

main components of CSF

A

H20
Na
protein
glucose

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23
Q

how much CSF flows everday

A

100-125 ccs

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24
Q

how much CSF do we make each day

A

600 ccs

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25
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

pressure exerted by total vol from components w/in skull

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26
Q

% of brain tissue

A

80%

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27
Q

% of blood

A

10%

28
Q

% of CSF

A

10%

29
Q

normal ICP

A

5-15 mmHg

30
Q

what happens to ICP if tumor or inc fluid

A

inc ICP

31
Q

patho of ICP

A

inc ICP
compensated by dec production of CSF, displacement of CSF
if ICP continues, BV altered
results in intracranial HTN

32
Q

stage 1 of ICP

A

vasoconstriction

external compression of venous system

33
Q

stage 2 of ICP

A

ICP exceeds brain’s compensatory capacity
pressure compromises oxygenation
arterial vasoconstriction occurs

34
Q

stage 3 of ICP

A

ICP begins to approach arterial pressure
brain tissue experiences hypoxia, hypercapnea
loss of autoregulation
vasodilation occurs, causing BP to drop, BV inc
leads to more ICP

35
Q

stage 4 ICP

A

brain tissue shifts
herniation
more ICP, compression of brain stem, inc ischemia
death

36
Q

CM of ICP

A 
change in LOC
change in VS, late sign- Cushings triad
dec motor "f"
HA
occular signs
vomitting
37
Q

Cushings triad

A

inc SBP
bradycardia
irregular respiratory pattern

38
Q

decorticate

A

flex arms, wrists, fingers with adduction of upper extremities
hands/arms across chest, wrists flexed

39
Q

decerebrate

A

worse
extenstion, internal rotation of upper extrem.
wrist flexion
arms at sides, wrists curled up

40
Q

treatment for ICP

A

treat/manage cause
diuretics
corticosteroids
mech ventilation (hyperventilation)

41
Q

disorders that cause ICP

A

cerebral edema

hydrocephalus

42
Q

cerebral edema

A

inc fluid content of brain
inc tissue volume
inc ICP

43
Q

etiology of cerebral edema

A 
trauma
inf
tumor
hypoxia
Na imbalance
44
Q

treatment for cerebral edema

A

diuretics

45
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal inc CSF volume

46
Q

etiology of hydrocephalus

A

overproduction of CSF
obstruction of CSF flow
defective reabsorption

47
Q

types of hydrocephalus

A

noncommunicating

communicating

48
Q

noncommunication hydrocephalus

A

flow within subarachnoid space and ventricles obstructed

see in kids, related to malformation

49
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A

impaired absorption within subarachnoid space or inc secretion
see in adults, related to impaired absorption, inc secretion of CSF, tumor inf, head injury

50
Q

treatment for hydrocephalus

A

treat cause

shunting procedure

51
Q

closed trauma

A

head striking surface or object striking head
dura intact
causes contusions and concussions

52
Q

open trauma

A

injury tears scalp tissue and exposes skull, dura mater, or brain
causes skull fractures or brain lacerations
open channel= inc risk for inf

53
Q

more common- closed or open?

A

closed trauma

54
Q

closed head injury includes

A

focal contusions

diffuse concussions

55
Q

contusions

A

bruising of brain tissue

focal

56
Q

patho of contusions

A

damage results from compression of skull at point of impact and rebound
small tears in bld vessels

57
Q

types of contusions

A

coup

countercoup

58
Q

coup

A

bruising under injury site

59
Q

countercoup

A

bruising opposite traumatized site

rebound effect

60
Q

CM for contusions

A

loss of consciousness
loss of reflexes
brief dec in HR/BP
residual deficits

61
Q

DT for contusions

A

Xrays MRI CT scans

62
Q

treatment for contusions

A

controlling ICP

managing symptoms

63
Q

concussion

A

diffuse

sudden transient mechanical head injury with disruption of neural activity

64
Q

CM for concussion

A 
disruption in LOC
loss of reflexes causing falls
amnesia about event
HA
nausea
fatigue
65
Q

post concussion syndrome

A 
HA
dizziness
poor concentration/memory
fatigue
irritability
depression
personality/behavioral problems

Patho (8 decks)

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