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Patho > Hematological Disorders > Flashcards

Hematological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

bone marrow

A

bld forming tissue, produces cell components of bld, all develop from common stem cell.

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2
Q

types of bld cells

A

RBC WBC platelets

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3
Q

function of RBC

A

oxygenation

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4
Q

hemoglobin

A

transports O2

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5
Q

erythropoiesis

A

production of RBC, regulated by cellular O2 requirements and general metabolic activity, influenced by nutrition

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6
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature erythrocyte

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7
Q

how long for reticulocyte to mature

A

when released, 48 hours

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8
Q

RBC life span

A

120 days

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9
Q

anemia

A

dec in RBC, hemoglobin, & hematocrit

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10
Q

CM for mild anemia

A

Hb 10-14, palpitations, exertional dyspnea, may not have symptoms

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11
Q

CM for moderate anemia

A

Hb 6-10, inc palpitations, dyspnea

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12
Q

CM for severe anemia

A

Hb <6, affects all body systems

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13
Q

cytic

A

cell size

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14
Q

chromic

A

hemoglobin content

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15
Q

types of “cytic”

A

micro, macro, normo

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16
Q

types of “chromic”

A

hypo, normo

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17
Q

types of macrocytic normochromic

A

pernicious anemia, folic acid anemia

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18
Q

types of microcytic hypochromic

A

iron deficiency anemia

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19
Q

pernicious anemia

A

impaired vit B12 absorption

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20
Q

what is vit B12 used for?

A

DNA synthesis

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21
Q

patho of p.a

A

defective gastric secretion of intrinsic factor

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22
Q

what is intrinsic factor needed for

A

absorption of extrinsic factor (Vit B12)

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23
Q

etiology of p.a

A

gastric atrophy, surgery

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24
Q

what does gastric bypass do?

A

can reduce amt. of intrinsic factor

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25
Q

CM for p.a

A

weakness, fatigue,
general symptoms
GI problems- in gastic mucosa (sore mouth, anorexia, nausea, abd pain)
Neurological problems- need vit B12 for normal nerve “f”, neuropathy, balance, muscles, concentration — can be irreversible

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26
Q

how long b4 damage is permanent

A

3-6 months

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27
Q

diagnosis for p.a

A

serum B12, RBS, H&H, Schillings test

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28
Q

schillings test

A

pt. drinks vit B12 substance, measure amt. of substance excreted in urine.
if absorbs, they don’t have p.a

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29
Q

treatment for p.a

A

Vit B12 injections

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30
Q

Folic acid anemia

A

lack of vit folate.

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31
Q

what is folate needed for?

A

DNA synthesis, which leads to RBC formation

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32
Q

etiology of f.a.a

A

poor nutrition
poor absorption
alcohol abuse

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33
Q

most common cause of f.a.a

A

alcohol abuse

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34
Q

CM for f.a.a

A

same as p.a EXCEPT NO NEURO PROBLEMS

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35
Q

diagnostic tests for f.a.a

A

serum folate, RBC, H&H

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36
Q

treatment for f.a.a

A

folic acid

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37
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

depletion of iron in body

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38
Q

result of i.d.a

A

dec supply of iron for hemoglobin

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39
Q

patho of i.d.a

A

iron stores for RBS production depleted
not enough iron transported to bone marrow
altered rbc production starts
hemoglobin deficient RBCs enter circulation and replace normal ones

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40
Q

etiology of i.d.a

A

inadequate intake (diet)
malabsorption
blood loss
pregnancy

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41
Q

most common cause of i.d.a

A

diet, inadequate intake

42
Q

CM for i.d.a

A

tongue and lips inflamed
H/A
numbness, tingling
confusion

43
Q

diagnostic tests for i.d.a

A

serum iron, RBC, H&H

44
Q

treatment for i.d.a

A

treat cause

iron supplements

45
Q

polycythemia

A

inc RBC

causes thick bld, excess volume

46
Q

polycythemia vera

A

primary
caused by excessive proliferation of erythrocyte precursors in marrow
myeloproliferative disorder

47
Q

what does P.vera cause

A

inc in granulocytes/platelets

48
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

caused by hypoxia

inc erythropoetin due to underlying systemic disorder

49
Q

who has higher risk for hypoxia

A

people with history of COPD, resp. conditions, CHF, people who smokes, live in higher altitudes

50
Q

effects of polycythemia

A

dec bld. flow, inc bp, risk of bld. clot, injury to tissues, tissue infarction

51
Q

CM for polycythemia

A 
PELSHCVP
plethora
enlarged retinal/cerebral veins
liver enlargement
spleen enlargement
H/A
confusion
visual changes
painful itching
52
Q

diagnostic tests for polycythemia

A

blood tests (CBC), bone marrow biopsy

53
Q

treatment for polycythemia

A

reduce BV- phlebotomy
fluids
meds to dec bone marrow activity

54
Q

leukocytes

A

responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria and foreign particles.

55
Q

types of leukocytes

A

granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes

56
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

57
Q

neutrophils

A

primary phagocytic cell involved in inflam. process

58
Q

eosinophils

A

engulf antigen-antibody complexes formed during allergic response, active in parasitic infections

59
Q

basophils

A

granules contain heparin, serotonin, histamine

60
Q

lymphocytes

A

cellular and humoral responses

61
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

62
Q

B cells

A

stimulated by antigens to produce antibodies

63
Q

T cells

A

involved in cellular immune response against viruses

64
Q

monocytes

A

potent phagocytosis. macrophages. interact with lymphocytes.

65
Q

function of thromocytes

A

bld coag. and control of bleeding

66
Q

normal platelet count

A

140-340 k

67
Q

thromboctyopenia

A

dec platelet count. <100 k

68
Q

etiology of thrombocytopenia

A 
VNDIT
viral infection
nutritional deficits
drugs
ITP
TTP
69
Q

ITP

A

immune thrombocytopenia purpura

autoimmune destruction of platelets- antibodies destroy antigens

70
Q

TTP

A

thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura- platelets aggregate and cause occlusions

71
Q

CM of thrombocytopenia

A 
PPPE
petechiae
purpura
prolonged bleeding
ecchymosis
72
Q

diagnostic tests for thrombocytopenia

A

platelet count

bleeding time

73
Q

treatment for thrombocytopenia

A

platelets
if ITP- steriods
if TTP- plasma

74
Q

thrombocythemia

A

elevated platelet count >400 k

75
Q

etiology of thrombocythemia

A

accelerated production

splenectomy

76
Q

why does splenectomy cause thrombocythemia

A

bc the spleen stores platelets. taking out spleen will release platelets.

77
Q

CM of thrombocythemia

A 
THTH
thrombosis formation
H/A
TIA- transient ischemia attacks
hemorrhage
78
Q

treatment for thrombocythemia

A

meds to suppress bone marrow

pheresis- remove platelets

79
Q

clotting mechanisms

A

PVC

vascular response, platelets, clotting factors

80
Q

clotting

A

hemostasis

81
Q

etiology of impaired hemostasis

A

vit k deficiency

liver disease

82
Q

vit K is needed for?

A

clotting factors

83
Q

why is liver disease such a big problem for hemostasis?

A

the liver produces clotting factors

84
Q

DIC

A

thrombohemmorhagic disorder.
Disseminated Intravascular Coag.

thrombosis (clotting) and hemmorhage
depletion of platelets and clotting factors

85
Q

etiology for DIC

A

see related to injury

shock. infection, obstetric accidents, burns, trauma, liver disease

86
Q

patho for DIC

A

normal coag mechs enhanced.
excess clotting activates fibrinolytic system
lyses newly formed clots
creates fibrin split products- anticoag properties
loses ability to clot

87
Q

CM for DIC: bleeding

A 
pallor
petechiae/bruising
inc RR, HR
hemoptysis
dec BP
GI bleeding
HA, intracranial bleeding
change in MS
88
Q

CM for DIC: thrombosis

A 
dyspnea
PE
tissue necrosis
ARDS
kidney damage
89
Q

diagnostic test for DIC

A

platelet count- low
fibrin split products- high
bleeding time- high

90
Q

treatment for DIC

A

treat cause
bld products- for hemorrhage
anticoags- to prevent random bld clots

91
Q

function of spleen

A 
FISH 
filter- out defective RBC
immune
storage- lymphocytes/platelets
hematopoietic- RBC production
92
Q

overactive spleen

A

hypersplenism
reduction of all circulating bld cells
caused by liver disease, CHF

93
Q

underactive spleen

A

splenectomy
dec immune response
inc leukocytes
more defective bld cells

94
Q

function of lymphatic capillaries/ducts

A

carries bld from interstitial spaces to bld
returns excess fluid back to i.s to PREVENT EDEMA

TRANSPORTS PROTEIN/FAT from gi tract to blood/certain hormones

95
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

contain lymphocytes/monocyte and macrophages

which clean lymph of foreign part. and microorg.

96
Q

why do lymph nodes enlarge during inf

A

bc inc macrophage activity

97
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement of lymph nodes

98
Q

types of lymphadenopathy

A

localized

generalized

99
Q

localized lymphadenopathy

A

indicates drainage in area where theres infection

100
Q

generalized lymphadenopathy

A

associated with infection

Patho (8 decks)

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