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Neuro Block 4 > Neurolab 8/9 > Flashcards

Neurolab 8/9 Flashcards

0
Q

Where does the anterior limb of the internal capsule connect?

A

Frontal cortex

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1
Q

What does damage to the SMA cause?

A

Unable to learn new sequences of movements

Involves alien hand syndrome and inappropriate motor usage of objects

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2
Q

What limb does the corticospinal tract pass through?

A

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

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3
Q

What does the pyramidal tract mean?

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tract

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4
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract cross?

A

At the decussation of the pyramids

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5
Q

What is the somatotopic orientation of the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?

A

Sacral - lateral
Lumber
Thoracic
Cervical - medial

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6
Q

What is the somatotopic organization of the corticospinal tract?

A

CTLS
Anterior to posterior (all in the posterior limb of the internal capsule)

Midbrain:
CTLS anterior to posterior

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7
Q

What is in the area of the genu?

A

Corticobulbar tract

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8
Q

What nucleus does the corticobulbar tract supply?

A

Occularmotor

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9
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract go?

A

Trigeminal motor nucleus

Facial nerve (bilateral to upper face, contralateral to lower face)

Hypoglossus in the medulla (bilateral)

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10
Q

Where does the cortico-olivary tract start and end?

A

Cortex to the inferior olivary nucleus (red nucleus in the way?)

All ipsilateral

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11
Q

Where does the rubro-olivary nucleus start and end?

A

Red nucleus to the inferior olivary nucleus

Carries corticorubral fibers and others from the cerebellum

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12
Q

Where does the cortico pontine tract go?

A

Cortex –> pons

Ipsilateral

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13
Q

What is the cortico-cerebellar pathway?

A

Corticopontine tract goes from the cortex to the pontine nucleus
–> the pontocerebellar fibers start and go contralateral to the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal detract go?

A

Medial VST –> MLF –> abducens, trochlear, occularmotor + head and neck muscles (via alpha and motor): coordinates head and eye movements

Lateral VST –> primarily extensors of extremities (flex thigh, extend upper extremetis)

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15
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract?

A

Starts in the RF everything the cranial nuclei

Two nuclei –> pontine and medullary

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16
Q

What does the pontine nucleus of the reticulospinal tract do?

A

Antigravity extensor muscles

17
Q

What does the medullary nucleus of the reticulospinal tract do?

A

responsible for inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement

18
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

Contributes to flexion of lower limb

19
Q

What is decorticate and decerebrate?

A

Decorticate (supratentorial) - above the red nucleus (upper limb flexed, lower limb extended)

Decerebrate (posterior fossa) - loss of red nucleus and brainstem involvement (all limbs flexed)

20
Q

What is the olivocerebellar pathway?

A

Contralateral unlike the others

From the inferior olivary nucleus –> inferior cerebellum peduncle –> climbing fibers –> molecular layer

21
Q

What is the only cerebellum tract that does not go through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Pontocerebellar peduncle

22
Q

What do all the tracts besides the olivocerebellar tract do?

A

Terminate in the granular cell layer as mossy fibers

23
Q

What tract gives rise to climbing fibers?

A

The olivocerebellar tract

24
Q

Where do pontocerebellar tract fibers go?

A

Come from pontine nuclei (ipsilateral)
Cross midline through the Middle cerebellar peduncle
Mossy fibers in the granule layer and innervate the deep cerebellar nuclei

25
Q

What is everything in the molecular layer of the cerebellum?

A

Excitatory except the purkinje cells

26
Q

What are the deep cerebellar nuclei inhibited by?

A

The purkinje cells

27
Q

Where do mossy fibers synapse?

A

Granule cells and deep cerebellar nuclei

28
Q

Where do the dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts start and end?

A

Clarke’s nucleus in the spinal cord –> tracts –> inferior CP –> mossy fibers –> granular layer and deep cerebellar nuclei

ALL ipsilateral

29
Q

What are the dentato-rubro-thalamic and where do they go?

A

Come from Dentate or interposed nucleus –> red nucleus of thalamus (VL nucleus) –> cross?

30
Q

Where does the dentato-rubro-thalamic fibers decussate?

A

Below the trochlear nucleus and go to the contra lateral rednucleus

31
Q

Where do efferents of the Dentate nucleus go?

A

Superior CP –> VL

32
Q

Where does the interposed (emboliform and globose) go?

A

Superior CP –> red nucleus

33
Q

Where does the fastigial nucleus go?

A

Inferior CP –> VN

34
Q

What is the basal ganglion direct pathway?

A

Excitatory

35
Q

What is the STN lesion like?

A

Hemiplosimis?

Wild movements of the muscles on the contralateral side

36
Q

Where is the substantia Nigra?

A

Midbrain c then r

37
Q

Where is dopamine synthesized?

A

The nerve terminals of the striatum

38
Q

What are the neurons in the direct pathway?

A

GABA and substance P

Excitatory by D1

39
Q

What are the neurons in the indirect pathway?

A

GABA and enkephalin
Inhibitory by D2
(Less inhibition, more stimulation of the thalamus)

40
Q

What is the function of the direct and indirect pathway?

A

Direct - excitatory

Indirect - inhibitory

Neuro Block 4 (13 decks)

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