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Neuro Block 4 > Hypothalamus and pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and pituitary Flashcards

0
Q

What is the Arcuate nucleus?

A

Base of the brain

Base of the brain, food intake control

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1
Q

What is the para ventricular nucleus?

A

Sits adjacent to the third ventricle

A nucleus of the hypothalamus

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2
Q

What nucleus of the hypothalamus sits next to the optic tract and what does it do?

A

Body temp

Supra optic nucleus

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3
Q

What is the anterior pituitary?

A

Adenohypophysis

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4
Q

What is the median eminence (infundibulum)?

A

The intersection of the pituitary and the hypothalamus

Relays information

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5
Q

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

Neurohypophysis

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6
Q

What does the posterior pituitary release?

A

Vasopressin or oxytocin into the systemic circulation

Peptide hormones

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7
Q

What synthesizes vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

The magnocellular neurons in the:

Supraoptic nucleus (SON)
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
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8
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin stored and released?

A

The posterior lobe

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9
Q

What projects to the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

The solitary nucleus (medulla)

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10
Q

What projects to the PVN of the hypothalamus?

A

The limbic system (motivation and emotions)

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11
Q

Where do your Baroreceptors go?

A

The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is the major stimulus(3) and responses for vasopressin?

A
  • Increased osmolatity (too much sodium) –> increase water resorption by kidney
  • Hypovolemia (low blood vol) –> water resorption

Both of these are anti-diuretics

-hypotension (low BP) –> vasoconstriction and water resorption

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13
Q

What is the main response to vasopressin?

A

Increased water resorption by the kidney

Vasoconstriction with low BP

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14
Q

What are the main stimuluses and responses for oxytocin?

A
  • suckling –> milk ejection via smooth muscle contraction in breast
  • uterine stimulation (newborn) –> smooth muscle contraction in uterus
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15
Q

What is the main response of oxytocin?

A

Smooth muscle contraction (female genitalia)

Also can help bonds between people

16
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary make for hormones? (Stim–>response)

A
  1. Somatomammotropins
    - GH - exercise, stress, and sleep (slow wave)
    - ->tissue growth and metabolism
    - prolactin - suckling! stress –> development of mammary tissue and lactation
  2. Glycoproteins
    - TSH - exposure to cold –> increase of thyroid hormone –> increase cell metabolism –> heat
    - FSH - hypothalamic peptide –> spermatogenesis and development of ovarian follicle
    - LH - hypothalamic peptide –> spermatogenesis and stim testosterone! initiates ovulation and stimulates progesterone
  3. Opiomelanocortin peptides (POMC)
    - ACTH - stress –> adrenal cortex secretion of cortisol
    - BETA Endorphin - stress –> opiate like, analgesia
17
Q

What are the two gonadotropins?

Tropins do release, gonado is gonads, release from gonads

A

FSH

LH

18
Q

What is cortin?

A

Adrenal cortex

19
Q

What test can be used clinically to test for the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Give some insulin

Insulin induced hypoglycemia –> cortisol, ACTH, beta endorphin, prolactin, GH

20
Q

What is the pathway of anterior lobe activation?

A

Parvocellular neuron by hypothalamic releasing hormone into the median eminence –> either excite or inhibit release of hormones –> primary capillary bed –> portal vein –> secondary capillary bed –> stimulation of specific hormone release

21
Q

What are the six hypothalamic releasing hormones?

A

Excitatory (release)

  • TRH –> TSH
  • GnRH –> LH and FSH
  • CRH –> ACTH and Beta-endorphins
  • GHRH –> GH

Inhibitory

  • somatostatin –> GH (net excite)
  • dopamine –> prolactin (net inhib)
22
Q

What hormonal changes occur after pituitary stalk section or cut?

A

All decrease (no excitation) accept prolactin (only under inhibitory control)

23
Q

What is diabetes insipidus caused by?

A

Loss of vasopressin

  1. Head trauma by severing pituitary stalk
  2. Autoimmune destruction of magnocellular neurons
  3. Idiopathic
24
Q

What are symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A
  1. Polyuria

2. Polydipsia (excessive drinking)

25
Q

What is the treatment of diabetes insipidus?

A

Vasopressin that only affects the kidneys

Desamino VP –> no increased BP

26
Q

What is galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A 
Inappropriate lactation (increase blood prolactin)
Cessation of menstration
27
Q

What is the etiology of galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A

Microadenoma that releases prolactin

Can turn off FSH and LH –> cessation of menstration (no pregnancy)

28
Q

How do you treat galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A

Surgery (tumor removal)

Pharmacology - dopamine receptor agonist

Neuro Block 4 (13 decks)

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