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Neuro Block 4 > Limbic System and cognition > Flashcards

Limbic System and cognition Flashcards

0
Q

Where is the hippocampus found?

A

Temporal lobe

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1
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Mood, emotion, feeling, motivation

50% of Pxs will be there for mood disorders

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2
Q

Where do fibers from the hippocampus go?

A

Around the thalamus and to the mammillary body and also to the septal nuclei

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3
Q

What is the name of the fiber bundle from the hippocampus to the mammillary body and septal nucleus?

A

The fornix

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4
Q

Where is The locus cerullius and what does it make?

A

In the pons

Makes norepinephrine

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5
Q

Where is RAPHE nuclei and what is made there?

A

Serotonin is made there

Found in the midbrain and pons

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6
Q

What do arousal and sleep-wake cycle?

A

Norepinephrine and serotonin

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7
Q

What is the meso limbic system?

A

Reward system
In the midbrain
Dopamine

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8
Q

What is the nucleus of the midbrain that produces the most dopamine in the body?

A

The ventral tegmental area (VTA)

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9
Q

Where does the VTA project?

A

Nucleus accumbens
Medial prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Septal nuclei

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10
Q

What do cocaine and amphetamine do to dopamine?

A

Prevent dopamine reuptake

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11
Q

What does a lesion in the VTA or the nucleus accumbens do?

A

Decrease in drug seeking behavior

Same if you give dopamine receptor blockers

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12
Q

What does the nucleus basalis and septal nucleus make?

A

ACh

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13
Q

What nuclei make ACh in the meso limbic system?

A

Nucleus basalis

Septal nucleus

First to go in Alzheimer’s

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14
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Learning, fear conditioning

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15
Q

What do lesions of the amygdala do?

A

Prevent fear conditioning

Still feel free but cannot pair neutral and bad stimulus

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16
Q

What does injury to the prefrontal cortex do?

A

Prefrontal lobe syndrome

  • bad goal directed behavior
  • emotionless
  • responsive to criticism
  • poor social judgement
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17
Q

What does the dorsal PFC do?

A

Executive function

Working memory

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18
Q

What does the orbital frontal cortex do?

A

Projects to the amygdala

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19
Q

What does the PFC do to the amygdala?

A

Via the OFC is inhibits the amygdala (normally activates the hypothalamus)

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20
Q

What happens with a lesion in the hippocampus?

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

Anterograde amnesia –> no new memories
Temp retrograde memories –> lost old

Old memories were explicit: semantic (facts) and episodic (experiences) where he was

Still had motor skills

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21
Q

What is Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A

Bilateral loss of amygdala

Impaired recognition of emotion NAND facial expressions

Inability to judge like emotions (fear vs. anger)

Emotional memory loss

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22
Q

What is the triad of symptoms in PTSD?

A

Re-experiencing the situation

Avoidance of similar situation

Hyperarousal, increase anxiety

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23
Q

What is the etiology of PTSD?

A

Increase amygdala

Decrease medial PFC

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24
Q

What are symptoms of schizophrenia?

Fragmentation of mood, thought and movement

A

Positive: delusions, hallucinations

Negative: social withdrawal

Tx only affects positive symptoms
1% of population

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25
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A

Too much dopamine receptors

Haloperidol is anti dopamine, side effect is Parkinson’s motor dysfunction

Clozapine

  1. Block DA receptor for a small amount of time
  2. Block serotonin receptors
  3. Block glutamate reuptake
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26
Q

What is the basis of the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A

PCP - blocks NMDA receptors

Tx: up glutamate

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27
Q

What are symptoms of depression?

A

Lethargy
Anhedonia - no pleasure in normal activities
Loss of sleep and weight
15%. (20% female, 13% male)

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28
Q

What is the mono amine hypothesis of depression?

A

Depression is due to a decrease in NE and or Serotonin receptor activity

Tx: raise those concentration in synaptic cleft

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29
Q

How do we block MAO and what does it do?

A

Block metabolism of NE or 5HT

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30
Q

What do tricyclics like imipramine do?

A

Block reuptake of NE and 5HT

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31
Q

What do SSRIs like Prozac (fluoxetine) do?

A

Block reuptake of 5HT

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32
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome symptom wise?

A

3

No new memories
Disorientation of space and time
Made up stories

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33
Q

What causes Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Alcoholism leading to B1-thiamine def

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34
Q

What part of the limbic system is damaged in Korsakoff’s?

A

Mammillary bodies or mamallothalamic tract

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35
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

From temporal lobe damage by stroke or encephalitis

Amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal lobe bilateral

Little emotion (loss of amygdala)

Hyper sexuallality (always change it here) (damage pathways to hypothalamus)

Visual agnosia - inability to discriminate visual stimuli (think pen is food?) damage visual pathways

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36
Q

What is characteristic of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD)?

A

50% of people over 85
1st stage: loss of memory
2nd stage: mood disorder, anxiety and depression
3rd stage: loss of motor function
4th stage: complete Loss of cognitive function

37
Q

What is the etiology of Alzheimer’s?

A

Loss of Cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis
Proteins NFT inside the cell and B-amyloid plaques form outside the cells

Lateral ventricles are huge because the neurons are gone?

38
Q

Why treat Alzheimer’s with Aricept?

A

Blocks acetylcholine esterase

39
Q

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

A

30-50year

Progressive neurodegeneration disease caused by repeated head trauma

3 symptoms:

  1. Cognition-anterograde amnesia, goal directed behavior (PFC)
  2. Mood - depression and apathy
  3. Behavior - impulse control is bad, aggressive

Get NFTs in amygdala and hippocampus and PFC

40
Q

What is cognition?

A

Our internal life
Perception, memory attention language, emotion
Planning
Consciousness

The integration of many kinds of information
Gives choice of appropriate behaviors

41
Q

What is the “default network?”

A

Involved in day dreaming or mind wandering
Autobiographical memories envisioning the future moral decisions

6 parts

  • posterior parietal
  • posterior cingulate
  • dorsolateral prefrontal
  • medial prefrontal
  • medial temporal
  • rostrolateral temporal
42
Q

What is disturbed in mental illnesses like depression, OCD, schizophrenia, autism?

A

The default network

43
Q

What are the “not-primary” cortexes?

A

Either unimodal integrating with one sensory modality

Or multimodal integrating with many

Examples are the premotor cortex, all association cortexes (visual, somatosensory, auditory)

44
Q

What is the hierarchy of projections to carry out an appropriate behavioral response to a stimulus?

A

Primary sensory cortex –> unimodal –> multimodal –> premotor cortex –> motor cortex

45
Q

What stain is used to look at the cortical lamination?

A

Nissl stain (6 layers)

46
Q

What are stellate cells used for?

A

Lots of sensory information intake

In layer 4 therefore 4 is big in sensory places and small in motor

47
Q

What is in layer 5 and when is it bigger/smaller?

A

Betz cells, large pyramidal cells

Big in motor cortexes

48
Q

What is layer four?

A

Sense-specific thalamic nucleus

49
Q

What are the four areas of the thalamus important for sense specific thalamic nucleuses?

A

VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN

50
Q

What is the input and output of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Input - retina

Output - primary visual cortex

51
Q

What is the input and output of the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

Input - Cochlea via brainstem auditory nucleus

Output - primary auditory cortex

52
Q

What areas of the thalamus are for multimodal thalamic nuclei? (Have a big layer 4)

A

Pulvinar
Medial dorsal
Lateral posterior
Anterior

53
Q

What is the input and output of the Pulvinar?

A

Input - association cortex, superior colliculus
Output - parietotemporal and visual association cortex

Involved in putting vision to auditory cortex? And visual cortex

54
Q

What is the input and output of the medial dorsal nucleus?

A

Input: superior colliculus, olfactory cortex, amygdala, ventral pallidum

Output: FEF, anterior cingulate cortex

55
Q

What is the input and output of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Input: association cortex, anterior cingulate, retina

Output: parietal and visual association cortex, anterior cingulate, striatum

56
Q

What is the input and output of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Input: hypothalamus, hippocampus, cingulate

Output: posterior cingulate

57
Q

What do layers 2 and 3 of the sensory and association cortexes do?

A

Send info to other cortical areas

58
Q

What is a callosal connection?

A

Info from cortex of one hemisphere to the other

59
Q

Where does layer 6 project?

A

The thalamus

60
Q

Where does layer 5 project?

A

Thalamus and other sub cortical structures (BG, midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord)

61
Q

What four thalamic nuclei project to the primary sensory cortex?

A

LGN, MGN, VPL, VPM

62
Q

Where do modulatory inputs come from?

A

From the thalamus and brainstem to the cortex

63
Q

What has the highest density of corticocortical connections?

A

The association cortex rather than the primary

64
Q

What is the function of the association cortex?

A

Integrate different modalities
Mediate internal cognition
Mediate between sensory inputs and appropriate behavioral output

65
Q

What is the parietal cortex associated with?

A

Visual attention, localization, spatial relationships, motor programs

66
Q

What area of the cortex does recognition and object identification?

A

Temporal cortex (also language)

67
Q

What does the parietal association cortex do on the non dominant hemisphere?

A

Attention
Visuospatial localization
Spatial relationships

68
Q

What does the dominant hemisphere of the parietal association cortex do?

A

Skilled movements

Right-left orientation

69
Q

Where is attention best localized to?

A

The posterior (inferolateral) parietal cortex

In the inter parietal sulcus

70
Q

What is the stroop test?

A

Have the name of a color in a specific color

71
Q

Where is the stroop test localized to?

A

Posterior parietal cortex

72
Q

What does damage to the posterior parietal cortex (attention) do?

A 
Spatial neglect (non dominant)
Motor apraxia (dominant)
73
Q

What is spatial neglect?

A

Failure to acknowledge half the world
Can apply to the world, your body, thoughts and memories

Occurs in about half of right hemisphere strokes

74
Q

Where is motor apraxia associated with?

A

Inter parietal sulcus
Inability to perform skilled movements
Sensory and motor systems in tact

75
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A

Cannot use tools
May or may not be able to perform action in daily life

Use of hand in place of imaginary tool indicates damage

76
Q

What is ideational apraxia?

A

Inability to sequence actions

77
Q

What is orofacial apraxia?

A

Inability to make specific facial movements

78
Q

What area of the temporal lobe is involved in recognition?

A

Inferior temporal cortex and deeper structures

79
Q

What area do the temporal lobe does language and social attention?

A

Superior temporal sulcus

80
Q

What is important about face neurons?

A

No grandmother neuron
Represented through population coding
Each neuron responds to a particular feature and together build an image
Body parts and places may have specific regions

81
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Deflects In recognition

Inability to recognize or identify objects

82
Q

What is prosopagnosia and what causes it?

A

Inability to recognize faces

Caused by bilateral lesion of the inferior temporal cortex

83
Q

What is visual agnosia caused by?

A

Damage to unimodal visual cortex

Can’t recognize an object by sight

84
Q

What is Astereognosia and what is it caused by?

A

Inability to recognize an object by touch alone

Caused by damage to unimodal somatosensory cortex

85
Q

What is finger agnosia?

A

Right- left confusion
Gerstmann syndrome

Damage to angular gyrus of dominant parietal cortex

86
Q

What does damage to the PFC do?

A 
Impaired restraint
Can't plan 
Disordered thought
Perseceration 
Cannot guide behavior
Inappropriate behavior
87
Q

What is the changes of the cortex over maturation?

A

Synaptic density
Myelination
Gray matter thickens

88
Q

What is the gradient of maturation of the PFC?

A

Posterior to anterior

  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Unimodal association areas
  3. Highly connected PF, posterior parietal is last (attention)
89
Q

What areas degenerate first?

A

The ones that matured last

Neuro Block 4 (13 decks)

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