Neuroimaging

Question 1

Corpus callostomy

Answer 1

Specific and targeted intervention. Disconnects both sides of the brain (cerebral cortex)

Question 2

What are two functional imaging methods?

Answer 2

Position emission topmography
Functional magnetic resonance imagining

Question 3

Brodmanns map of the cortex

Answer 3

52 cortical areas- function of the brain areas not just location

Question 4

EEG

Answer 4

Measurement of electrical activity in the brain- synchronous firing of spatially aligned neurons

Question 5

Neuronal dipoles

Answer 5

Negative and positive charges separated over a short distance e.g. battery

Question 6

Frontal lobotomy

Answer 6

Disconnection of prefrontal cortex- informed studies of behaviour and inhibition

Question 7

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 7

Non-invasive method of disturbing brain functions localisation and separation if function.

Question 8

MEG (magneticephalography)

Answer 8

Records neural activity in the brain, using squids.

Question 9

Delta Waves

Answer 9

Frontal in adults, posterior in babies
Associated with sleep in adults
Predominant oscillations in babies, even when awake

Question 10

Theta waves

Answer 10

Seen in young children
Drowsiness in older children and adults
Meditation or sleeping

Question 11

What can excessive theta waves indicate ?

Answer 11

Brain lesions

Question 12

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

Answer 12

Components of EEG signals that arise in response to a stimulus e.g. auditory/ visual

Question 13

Alpha waves

Answer 13

Bilaterally posterior e.g. occipital lobe
Higher amplitude on dormant side
Appear when eyes are closed

Question 14

Beta waves

Answer 14

Wide spread, mostly frontally
Associated with alertness
Absent/reduced in areas of cortical damage
Appears when eyes are open

Question 15

Computational tomography (CT)

Answer 15

Scanning passes X-rays through head. X-rays are absorbed less by fluid than by brain cells and less by brain cells than by bone. Computer generates 3D image of the brain and the 3D image of the injured region.

Question 16

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 16

Injecting radioactive substances that each in minutes. Into the bloodstream to reach the brain. As it decays it gives off photons, allowing the computer to draw out their location on a 3D or 2D reconstruction of the brain.

Question 17

Magnetic resonance imagining (MRI)

Answer 17

Calculates the location of moving molecules by detecting the electrical charge their movement generate.
Can also determine the relative concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide- can be used to determine regional differences in brain activity.