Neurohumeral Influences of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is parasympathetic (cholinergic) control located?

A

Medulla oblongata (cardioinhibitory center)

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2
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation get to the heart?

A

Via the vagus nerve and cardiac plexus
- innervates the SA node, AV node and sparsely innervates myocardium; releases Ach

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3
Q

What does parasympathetic (cholinergic) innervation to the heart do?

A
  • slows rate and force of myocardial contraction
  • decreases myocardial metabolism
  • causes coronary artery vasoconstriction
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4
Q

Where is sympathetic (adrenergic) control for the heart located?

A

medulla oblongata, cardioacceleratroy center

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5
Q

How does sympathetic (adrenergic) innervation get to the heart?

A

-Via cord segments T1-T4, upper thoracic to superior cervical chain ganglia, innervates SA node, AV node, conduction pathways, and myocytes
- Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation to the heart do?

A

causes an increase in the rate and force of myocardial contraction and myocardial metabolism
- coronary artery vasodilation

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7
Q

What do skin and peripheral vasculature receive?

A
  • only post ganglionic sympathetic innervation
  • causes vasoconstriction of cutaneous arteries
  • Sympathetic inhibition must occur for vasodilation
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8
Q

What drugs increase sympathetic functioning?

A

sympathomimetics
(alpha or beta agonists)

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9
Q

What drugs decrease sympathetic functioning?

A

sympatholytics
(alpha or beta antagonists or blockers)

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10
Q

What is the main mechanism controlling heart rate?

A

baroreceptors

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11
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

in walls of aortic arch and carotid sinus
- function via vasomotor center

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12
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A
  • circulatory reflex: respond to changes in blood pressure
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13
Q

Baroreceptors response to increased BP

A
  • parasympathetic stimulation
  • decreased rate and force of cardiac contraction
  • sympathetic inhibition
  • decreased peripheral resistance
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14
Q

Baroreceptors response to decreased BP

A
  • sympathetic stimulation
  • increased HR and BP
  • Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
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15
Q

What does increased right arterial pressure cause

A

reflex acceleration of heart rate

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16
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

in the carotid body

17
Q

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A
  • changes in blood chemicals
  • oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lactic acide
18
Q

What chemical changes cause an increase in HR

A

Increased CO2
Decreased O2
Decreased pH/elevated lactic acid

19
Q

What chemical changes cause a decrease in HR

A
  • increase O2 levels
20
Q

Increased body temp causes HR to…

A

increase

21
Q

Decreased body temp causes HR to…

A

decrease

22
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A
  • decreased rate and force of contraction
  • widened PR interval and QRS
  • tall T waves
23
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A
  • flattened T waves
  • prolonged PR and QT intervals
  • arrythmias
  • may progress to ventricular fibrillation
24
Q

Hypercalcemia causes

A
  • increased heart actions
25
Q

Hypocalcemia causes

A
  • depressed heart actions
26
Q

Hypermagnesemia is

A
  • a calcium channel blocker which can lead to arrhythmias or cardiac arrest
27
Q

Hypomagnesemia causes….

A

ventricular arrhythmias, coronary artery vasospasm, and sudden death

28
Q

Increased peripheral resistance…

A

increases arterial blood volume and pressure

29
Q

decreased peripheral resistance…

A

decreases arterial blood volume and pressure

30
Q

what is peripheral resistance influenced by?

A

arterial blood volume (viscosity of blood and diameter of arterioles and capillaries)

31
Q
A