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Neuroscience > neurohistology > Flashcards

neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

synapse

A

space between 2 neurons where communication occurs

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2
Q

gap junctions

A

connect two neurons together; allow electrical signal to pass from 1 to another without a synapse

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3
Q

categories of nerve cells

A
  • conducting elements
  • supportive cell types
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4
Q

conducting elements

A

excitable cells; neurons; typically conduct electrical signals over long distances

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5
Q

supportive cell types

A

glial cells (neuroglia, glia); do not generate/conduct electrical signals but facilitate the transmission of these signals in conductive elements

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6
Q

cell body

A

contains the nucleus, surrounded by cytoplasm

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7
Q

nucleus

A

contains chromosomes (DNA)

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8
Q

nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes (important for growth and development of neuron)

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9
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis or translation in all cells

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10
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell

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11
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

type of endoplasmic reticulum
- role in making sure proteins are created

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12
Q

axon

A

carries the electrical signal; typically single axon but can have branches

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13
Q

axon hillock

A

where the axon initiates from the cell body (electrical signal starts here)

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14
Q

dendrites

A
  • Arise from the cell body; multiple branches
  • primary targets for synaptic inputs from other neurons
  • contain a lot of ribosomes; contain specialized cytoskeletal proteins
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15
Q

nissl bodies

A

clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum
- make proteins and replace growth and regenerating

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16
Q

neurofibrils

A

cell shape and support

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17
Q

microtubules

A

allow movement of materials to/from cell body

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18
Q

transport

A

organelles can be moved along the neuron

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19
Q

slow axonal transport

A

1-5 mm/day; unidirectional; axoplasm supply
- away from cell body

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20
Q

fast axonal transport

A

200-400 mm/day; to and from cell body
- bidirectional
- bring garbage cells up to be recycled and bring down new

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21
Q

convergence

A

reflects the number of inputs to a single neuron
- coming in
- receive input from more than one location

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22
Q

divergence

A

reflects the number of targets that 1 neuron innervates
- going out

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23
Q

bipolar

A

2 ends (1 axon, 1 dendrite)

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24
Q

unipolar

A

1 axon, no dendrites

25
Q

multipolar

A

several dendrites, 1 primary axon

26
Q

receptors

A

sense something (sensory)

27
Q

afferents

A

carry single away from periphery to CNS (dorsal)

28
Q

integrating centers

A

integrate/figure out what info means

29
Q

internuncial neurons (interneurons)

A

connect neurons (relay point)

30
Q

efferents

A

carry info away from CNS to periphery

31
Q

effectors

A

target cells, number of types of tissue (endocrine glands, muscles, etc)

32
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

sending the message

33
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receiving the message

34
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
- support cells within space that help neurotransmitter across

35
Q

interneurons

A

short neurons that connect other neurons
- only found in CNS

36
Q

projection neurons

A

longer neurons that carry signals over significant distances
- travel long distance

37
Q

glial cells

A
  • supportive cells
  • still vital
  • only stem cells in the adult brain
38
Q

glial cells function

A
  • regulate ions in the nervous system
  • influence signal transduction in nerve cells
  • control neurotransmitter reuptake and processing at / near synaptic cleft
  • provide framework for growth of neural tissue during development
  • play a role in neural recovery from injury
  • brain-immune system interface
  • cycles interstitial fluid through the brain during sleep
39
Q

primary types of glial cells

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglial cells
40
Q

glial stem cells

A
  • subset of astrocytes
  • polydendrocytes
41
Q

astrocytes

A

found in the CNS

42
Q

astrocytes function

A
  • blood brain barrier
  • ensure appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling
  • formation of new synapses
43
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

only found in CNS

44
Q

oligodendrocytes function

A
  • produce myelin - stops electrical signal from leaking out
  • speeds up transmission of electrical signals
45
Q

Schwann cells

A

the cells in the PNS that produce myelin

46
Q

microglial cells

A
  • important when injury / damage occurs
  • signal to other cells to modulate inflammatory response
47
Q

subset of astrocytes

A
  • mostly located near the ventricles of the brain or near the blood vessels around the ventricles
48
Q

polydendrocytes

A
  • produce mature oligodendrocytes and some astrocytes
49
Q

ganglia

A

group of nerve cell bodies and supporting cells

50
Q

nerves

A

groups of peripheral axons

51
Q

sensory systems

A
  • receive and process internal (movement) and external (touch, vibration, pain, temp) stimuli
  • peripheral and central nervous system components
52
Q

motor systems

A
  • generate movement
  • usually, but not always, in response to sensory stimuli
53
Q

association systems

A
  • “relay” center
  • process/integrate signals from sensory and motor systems, send them on to the appropriate area
54
Q

somatic motor division

A

connect brain/spinal cord to skeletal muscle

55
Q

visceral/autonomic motor divison

A

innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (involuntary)

56
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

site of synapses between CNS visceral motor neurons and peripheral motor neurons

57
Q

sympathetic division

A

ganglia located near the spinal column

58
Q

parasympathetic divison

A

ganglia located near the organs they innervate

59
Q

enteric system

A

gut innervation

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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